739 research outputs found
The Problem of Personal Income Tax Avoidance
The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of antiracism and explore what characterizes the kind of antiracism that the empirical examples presented in this study represent. The empirical examples are instances of what I call antiracist actors. They are rooted in civil society, but also have strong connections with the government through government funding. The empirical data has been gathered through both qualitative and quantitative methods, mainly in the form of a survey and interviews. In order to explore the antiracist actors I have focused on three themes: (1) the shapes and forms of racism, (2) antiracism as a phenomenon, and (3) antiracism as a social arena. Through these themes I have gathered information about how the antiracist actors interpret their activities and the context in which they are working. On the subject of the shapes and forms of racism, I establish that racism is a concept that is hard to define. The antiracist actors lack a common language regarding racism, which affects the antiracist rhetoric. Regarding antiracism as a phenomenon, I conclude that the antiracist strategies mainly consist of three components: (1) knowledge is used as a strategic instrument internally to strengthen the volunteers, (2) knowledge is spread externally to increase awareness of racism, and (3) the antiracist actors deconstruct racist beliefs when opposing racist opinions. Finally, I research antiracism as a social arena and study civil society and theories about social movements in order to explore organizational aspects of the antiracist actors. Using Alberto Meluccis’ social movement theories, there is some evidence to support the thesis that the antiracist actors could be defined as part of an antiracist movement. However, overall there are stronger arguments to suggest the opposite, mainly since the antiracist actors are not in opposition to one or more adversaries. Instead they work with target groups, sometimes targeting the general public, sometimes specific groups like children in a certain school. The main conclusion from my study in this respect is that the antiracist actors are part of what I call association-driven antiracism. The associationdriven antiracism is characterized by non-violent methods and the antiracist actors do not focus on racist adversaries, instead they work with target groups trying to influence them in an antiracist way. The association-driven antiracism secures its continuity through networks, since many activities are project-based and only last for a limited period of time. Also, the antiracist actors are not representatives of particular political parties, instead they gather around the question at hand, antiracism. The antiracist actors within the association-driven antiracism are in close collaboration with the government and partly finance their activities with government funding. This collaboration can be explained as a positive steering process, the rulers (the government) and those who are ruled (the antiracist actors) agree on an antiracist ideology and work in the same direction
The Quantity of Intracluster Light: Comparing Theoretical and Observational Measurement Techniques Using Simulated Clusters
Using a suite of N-body simulations of galaxy clusters specifically tailored
to study the intracluster light (ICL) component, we measure the quantity of ICL
using a number of different methods previously employed in the literature for
both observational and simulation data sets. By measuring the ICL of the
clusters using multiple techniques, we identify systematic differences in how
each detection method identifies the ICL. We find that techniques which define
the ICL solely based on the current position of the cluster luminosity, such as
a surface brightness or local density threshold, tend to find less ICL than
methods utilizing time or velocity information, including stellar particles'
density history or binding energy. The range of ICL fractions (the fraction of
the clusters' total luminosity found in the ICL component) we measure at z=0
across all our clusters using any definition span the range from 9-36%, and
even within a single cluster different methods can change the measured ICL
fraction by up to a factor of two. Separating the cluster's central galaxy from
the surrounding ICL component is a challenge for all ICL techniques, and
because the ICL is centrally concentrated within the cluster, the differences
in the measured ICL quantity between techniques are largely a consequence of
this central galaxy/ICL separation. We thoroughly explore the free parameters
involved with each measurement method, and find that adjusting these parameters
can change the measured ICL fraction by up to a factor of two. While for all
definitions the quantity of ICL tends to increase with time, the ICL fraction
does not grow at a uniform rate, nor even monotonically under some definitions.
Thus, the ICL can be used as a rough indicator of dynamical age, where more
dynamically advanced clusters will on average have higher ICL fractions.Comment: 18 pages, 11 figues. Accepted for publication in Ap
Spitzer IRAC Low Surface Brightness Observations of the Virgo Cluster
We present 3.6 and 4.5 micron Spitzer IRAC imaging over 0.77 square degrees
at the Virgo cluster core for the purpose of understanding the formation
mechanisms of the low surface brightness intracluster light features.
Instrumental and astrophysical backgrounds that are hundreds of times higher
than the signal were carefully characterized and removed. We examine both
intracluster light plumes as well as the outer halo of the giant elliptical
M87. For two intracluster light plumes, we use optical colors to constrain
their ages to be greater than 3 & 5 Gyr, respectively. Upper limits on the IRAC
fluxes constrain the upper limits to the masses, and optical detections
constrain the lower limits to the masses. In this first measurement of mass of
intracluster light plumes we find masses in the range of 5.5 x 10^8 - 4.5 x
10^9 and 2.1 x 10^8 - 1.5 x 10^9 solar masses for the two plumes for which we
have coverage. Given their expected short lifetimes, and a constant production
rate for these types of streams, integrated over Virgo's lifetime, they can
account for the total ICL content of the cluster implying that we do not need
to invoke ICL formation mechanisms other than gravitational mechanisms leading
to bright plumes. We also examined the outer halo of the giant elliptical M87.
The color profile from the inner to outer halo of M87 (160 Kpc) is consistent
with either a flat or optically blue gradient, where a blue gradient could be
due to younger or lower metallicity stars at larger radii. The similarity of
the age predicted by both the infrared and optical colors (> few Gyr) indicates
that the optical measurements are not strongly affected by dust extinction.Comment: 16 pages including appendix, 9 figures, ApJ accepte
Optical Colors of Intracluster Light in the Virgo Cluster Core
We continue our deep optical imaging survey of the Virgo cluster using the
CWRU Burrell Schmidt telescope by presenting B-band surface photometry of the
core of the Virgo cluster in order to study the cluster's intracluster light
(ICL). We find ICL features down to mu_b ~ 29 mag sq. arcsec, confirming the
results of Mihos et al. (2005), who saw a vast web of low-surface brightness
streams, arcs, plumes, and diffuse light in the Virgo cluster core using V-band
imaging. By combining these two data sets, we are able to measure the optical
colors of many of the cluster's low-surface brightness features. While much of
our imaging area is contaminated by galactic cirrus, the cluster core near the
cD galaxy, M87, is unobscured. We trace the color profile of M87 out to over
2000 arcsec, and find a blueing trend with radius, continuing out to the
largest radii. Moreover, we have measured the colors of several ICL features
which extend beyond M87's outermost reaches and find that they have similar
colors to the M87's halo itself, B-V ~ 0.8. The common colors of these features
suggests that the extended outer envelopes of cD galaxies, such as M87, may be
formed from similar streams, created by tidal interactions within the cluster,
that have since dissolved into a smooth background in the cluster potential.Comment: 14 pages. Published in ApJ, September 201
The Connection Between Diffuse Light and Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster
We compare the distribution of diffuse intracluster light detected in the
Virgo Cluster via broadband imaging with that inferred from searches for
intracluster planetary nebulae (IPNe). We find a rough correspondence on large
scales (~ 100 kpc) between the two, but with very large scatter (~ 1.3
mag/arcsec^2). On smaller scales (1 -- 10 kpc), the presence or absence of
correlation is clearly dependent on the underlying surface brightness. On these
scales, we find a correlation in regions of higher surface brightness (mu_V <
~27) which are dominated by the halos of large galaxies such as M87, M86, and
M84. In those cases, we are likely tracing PNe associated with galaxies rather
than true IPNe. In true intracluster fields, at lower surface brightness, the
correlation between luminosity and IPN candidates is much weaker. While a
correlation between broadband light and IPNe is expected based on stellar
populations, a variety of statistical, physical, and methodological effects can
act to wash out this correlation and explain the lack of a strong correlation
at lower surface brightness found here. [abridged
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