Interconnecting Race and Gender Relations: Racism, Sexism and the Attribution of Sexism to the Racialized Other

This article analyzes the way that attitudes about gender and race relations are interconnected. Based on a survey study conducted in Switzerland with a sample of 273 Swiss nationals (125 men and 148 women), it shows that the attribution of a higher level of sexism to "racialized Others” than to Swiss individuals is a racist process resulting in the justification and naturalization of the ordinary Swiss sexism seen in the gendered division of labor. However, this study also shows that the attribution of a higher level of sexism to the Other can be countered by simultaneously adopting both feminist and non-racist attitude

Who was Aspasia?

Paper given as a performance activity during the conference

Evaluation et gestion infirmière de la douleur aiguë chez la personne âgée démente en mileu de soins aigus: revue de littérature étoffée

Le but de ce travail est de mettre en évidence de quelle manière le personnel infirmier évalue et gère la douleur aiguë chez cette population dans un contexte de soins aigus

Threats to the quality of marking of the national senior certificate examinations in the Northern Cape

Examinations are regarded as vital instruments not only to determine the progress and success of learners, but also the quality of an education system. Owing to these high stakes, South Africa places enormous emphasis on the National Senior Certificate examination. Although quality should be ensured by an effective, accurate and a high standard in the marking process, complaints suggest that there may be threats to the quality of marking and, by implication, to the education system itself. This exploratory study reports on the possible threats to a high standard of marking that emerged from data generated through semi-structured interviews with various role-players involved in the marking process. The findings suggest that the threats relate to the appointment of markers, the competency of the markers and an overall lack of confidence in the marking process. We conclude the article by proposing various recommendations to curb the identified threats to accurate marking

Les avocats dans les tribunaux pour enfants : des acteurs longtemps muets de la justice depuis 1890

Quels sont les processus ayant aménagé la rencontre en justice de l'enfant, l’infans, celui qui, étymologiquement, ne parle pas, et de l'avocat, celui qui peut être vu comme un « professionnel de la parole » ? L’analyse sociologique appelle ici un regard historique sur ce fait social relativement récent, qui pourtant découle d’un processus depuis longtemps en marche. En effet, l’histoire des droits de l’enfant montre un élargissement progressif de ces derniers, surtout à la fin du XIXe puis au XXe siècle, dans une justice pénale des mineurs où la procédure se formalise, les professionnels se spécialisent et où l’avocat joue un rôle croissant. Ainsi, cet article montre que le statut de mineur, le droit et la justice des mineurs mais aussi ses acteurs, sont des produits de l’histoire sociale, juridique et professionnelle. Il aura d’abord fallu définir l’enfant pour le différencier de l’adulte et l’appréhender socialement et juridiquement en tant qu’individu à protéger et éduquer. Il aura fallu un siècle entre l’action des premiers avocats défendant les mineurs, et leur implantation dans les tribunaux pour enfants. Ces philanthropes de la IIIe République, alliés aux magistrats et aux œuvres charitables, ont influencé les lois en faveur de l’enfance et porté la naissance de la justice des mineurs. Ceux de la fin du XXe siècle ont profité d’un contexte politique et législatif favorable qui a rendu pérenne leur place en rendant obligatoire la défense du mineur tout le long de la procédure pénale et a revalorisé l’aide juridictionnelle, là encore sous la pression du Syndicat des avocats de France. En outre, le tournant répressif pris par la justice des mineurs aujourd’hui légitime de fait leur rôle devant les juridictions pénales.What are the procedures that have improved the meeting between juvenile justice, the infans who, etymologically, does not speak, and the lawyer who can be considered to be a professional speaker? Social analysis requires a historical view of this relatively recent social fact which is the result of a process that has been developing over a long period. The history of juvenile rights shows that these have increased progressively, especially at the end of the 19th century then during the 20th centuries, in a juvenile justice system where the procedure has become more formalised, the professionals more specialised and where the lawyer plays a role of growing importance. This article shows that the status of minors, juvenile law and justice and the other players are the products of social, judicial and professional history. It first had to define the child in order to differentiate it from the adult and recognise it both socially and judicially as an individual to be protected and educated. A century passed between the first defences of minors by lawyers and their implantation in juvenile courts. These philanthropists of the 3rd Republic combined with magistrates and charitable bodies to influence the laws in favour of children which resulted in the birth of juvenile justice. Those involved at the end of the 20th century were able to take advantage of a favourable political and legislative climate that confirmed their role by making it compulsory for minors to be defended throughout the penal procedure and where jurisdictional assistance was revalued, once again under the pressure of the French lawyer's professional body. What's more, the repressive nature of current juvenile justice justifies their role before penal jurisdictions

Games Where You Can Play Optimally with Arena-Independent Finite Memory

For decades, two-player (antagonistic) games on graphs have been a framework of choice for many important problems in theoretical computer science. A notorious one is controller synthesis, which can be rephrased through the game-theoretic metaphor as the quest for a winning strategy of the system in a game against its antagonistic environment. Depending on the specification, optimal strategies might be simple or quite complex, for example having to use (possibly infinite) memory. Hence, research strives to understand which settings allow for simple strategies. In 2005, Gimbert and Zielonka provided a complete characterization of preference relations (a formal framework to model specifications and game objectives) that admit memoryless optimal strategies for both players. In the last fifteen years however, practical applications have driven the community toward games with complex or multiple objectives, where memory -- finite or infinite -- is almost always required. Despite much effort, the exact frontiers of the class of preference relations that admit finite-memory optimal strategies still elude us. In this work, we establish a complete characterization of preference relations that admit optimal strategies using arena-independent finite memory, generalizing the work of Gimbert and Zielonka to the finite-memory case. We also prove an equivalent to their celebrated corollary of great practical interest: if both players have optimal (arena-independent-)finite-memory strategies in all one-player games, then it is also the case in all two-player games. Finally, we pinpoint the boundaries of our results with regard to the literature: our work completely covers the case of arena-independent memory (e.g., multiple parity objectives, lower- and upper-bounded energy objectives), and paves the way to the arena-dependent case (e.g., multiple lower-bounded energy objectives).Comment: Updated title, full version of CONCUR 2020 conference pape

Regards sur les paradigmes féministes en recherche

Huit spécialistes ont accepté de répondre à trois questions sur l’émergence, la variété et l’avenir des paradigmes féministes en recherche. Ces personnes viennent d’universités différentes, de disciplines différentes et font aussi partie de générations différentes.Cette discussion n’a pas vraiment eu lieu, et c’est pourquoi elle est qualifiée de « virtuelle ». Toutefois, un échange a pu être constitué avec les réponses reçues. Il témoigne d’opinions contrastées, allant de l’optimisme au pessimisme, au sujet de l’influence des paradigmes féministes sur l’ensemble de la recherche universitaire.Eight professors were invited to answer three questions on the apparition, the variety and the future of feminist paradigms in research. They come from different universities, different disciplines and different generations. This discussion is called "virtual", because the participants have never met. The dialogue presented has been fabricated with the answers received. It reveals contrasted opinions, from optimism to pessimism, about the influence of feminist paradigms on the whole of learned research

Impact of cleaning and disinfection procedures on microbial ecology and Salmonella antimicrobial resistance in a pig slaughterhouse

International audienceTo guarantee food safety, a better deciphering of ecology and adaptation strategies of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella in food environments is crucial. The role of food processing conditions such as cleaning and disinfection procedures on antimicrobial resistance emergence should especially be investigated. In this work, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and the microbial ecology of associated surfaces communities were investigated in a pig slaughterhouse before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures. Salmonella were detected in 67% of samples and isolates characterization revealed the presence of 15 PFGE-patterns belonging to five serotypes: S.4,5,12:i:-, Rissen, Typhimurium, Infantis and Derby. Resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and/or chloramphenicol was detected depending on serotypes. 16S rRNA-based bacterial diversity analyses showed that Salmonella surface associated communities were highly dominated by the Moraxellaceae family with a clear site-specific composition suggesting a persistent colonization of the pig slaughterhouse. Cleaning and disinfection procedures did not lead to a modification of Salmonella susceptibility to antimicrobials in this short-term study but they tended to significantly reduce bacterial diversity and favored some genera such as Rothia and Psychrobacter. Such data participate to the construction of a comprehensive view of Salmonella ecology and antimicrobial resistance emergence in food environments in relation with cleaning and disinfection procedures