Proizvodnja inokoluma ektomikoriza gljiva uzgojem na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important for forestry practices. In order to develop controlled mycorrhization practices it is necessary to isolate and select ectomycorrhizal fungi that are able to colonize the intended plant species and that are efficient in promoting its growth under the environmental conditions prevailing in the plantation site. To be suitable for the inoculation of nursery seedlings, these fungi must be able to grow rapidly during large-scale cultivation and maintain high infectivity rates during storage. Even though several decades have passed since the first field-scale mycorrhizal experiments, the routine use of these fungi to inoculate plants is still not very common. The lack of suitable ectomycorrhizal inoculants in the market is one of the main factors contributing to this situation. This review presents and discusses techniques for the production and application of ectomycorrhizal inoculants, as well as the more recent studies aimed at developing reliable industrial production processes.Ektomikorize gljiva su vrlo važne u šumarstvu. Za razvoj kontroliranih mikoriza potrebno je izolirati i odabrati gljive što mogu kolonizirati ciljanu vrstu biljaka i koje uspješno rastu u plantažnim uvjetima. Da bi se mogle koristiti za inokulaciju biljaka u rasadniku, gljive moraju brzo rasti i u velikim količinama tijekom uzgoja te zadržavati veliku infektivnost pri skladištenju. Iako je prošlo više desetljeća od prvog mikoriznog pokusa na polju, još uvijek nije raširena upotreba tih gljiva za inokulaciju biljaka. Glavni uzrok tomu je nedostatak prikladnog ektomikoriznog inokulanta na tržištu. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu dan pregled i rasprava o tehnikama proizvodnje i primjeni ektomikoriznih inokulanata, te o najnovijim istraživanjima kako bi se u industriji razvili pouzdani proizvodni procesi

Proizvodnja inokoluma ektomikoriza gljiva uzgojem na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important for forestry practices. In order to develop controlled mycorrhization practices it is necessary to isolate and select ectomycorrhizal fungi that are able to colonize the intended plant species and that are efficient in promoting its growth under the environmental conditions prevailing in the plantation site. To be suitable for the inoculation of nursery seedlings, these fungi must be able to grow rapidly during large-scale cultivation and maintain high infectivity rates during storage. Even though several decades have passed since the first field-scale mycorrhizal experiments, the routine use of these fungi to inoculate plants is still not very common. The lack of suitable ectomycorrhizal inoculants in the market is one of the main factors contributing to this situation. This review presents and discusses techniques for the production and application of ectomycorrhizal inoculants, as well as the more recent studies aimed at developing reliable industrial production processes.Ektomikorize gljiva su vrlo važne u šumarstvu. Za razvoj kontroliranih mikoriza potrebno je izolirati i odabrati gljive što mogu kolonizirati ciljanu vrstu biljaka i koje uspješno rastu u plantažnim uvjetima. Da bi se mogle koristiti za inokulaciju biljaka u rasadniku, gljive moraju brzo rasti i u velikim količinama tijekom uzgoja te zadržavati veliku infektivnost pri skladištenju. Iako je prošlo više desetljeća od prvog mikoriznog pokusa na polju, još uvijek nije raširena upotreba tih gljiva za inokulaciju biljaka. Glavni uzrok tomu je nedostatak prikladnog ektomikoriznog inokulanta na tržištu. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu dan pregled i rasprava o tehnikama proizvodnje i primjeni ektomikoriznih inokulanata, te o najnovijim istraživanjima kako bi se u industriji razvili pouzdani proizvodni procesi

Favourable outcomes for the first 10 years of kidney and pancreas transplantation at Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa

Background. It is important for centres participating in transplantation in South Africa (SA) to audit their outcomes. Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre (WDGMC), Johannesburg, SA, opened a transplant unit in 2004. The first 10 years of kidney and pancreas transplantation were reviewed to determine outcomes in respect of recipient and graft survival.Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of all kidney-alone and simultaneous kidney-pancreas (SKP) transplants performed at WDGMC from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2013, with follow-up to 31 December 2014 to ensure at least 1 year of survival data. Information was accessed using the transplant registers and clinical records in the transplant clinic at WDGMC. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate 1-, 5- and 10-year recipient and graft survival rates for primary (first graft) kidney-alone and SKP transplants.Results. The overall 10-year recipient and graft survival rates were 80.4% and 66.8%, respectively, for kidney-alone transplantation. In the kidney-alone group, children tended towards better recipient and graft survival compared with adults, but this was not statistically significant. In adults, recipient survival was significantly better for living than deceased donor type. Recipient and graft survival were significantly lower in black Africans than in the white (largest proportion in the sample) reference group. For SKP transplants, the 10-year recipient survival rate was 84.7%, while kidney and pancreas graft survival rates were 73.1% and 43.2%, respectively.Conclusion. Outcomes of the first 10 years of kidney and pancreas transplantation at WDGMC compare favourably with local and international survival data

Chiral Fermions on the Lattice

An expression for the lattice effective action induced by chiral fermions in any even dimensions in terms of an overlap of two states is shown to have promising properties in two dimensions: The correct abelian anomaly is reproduced and instantons are suppressed.Comment: 9p, Postscript file, RU--93--3

Toward a global description of the nucleus-nucleus interaction

Extensive systematization of theoretical and experimental nuclear densities and of optical potential strengths exctracted from heavy-ion elastic scattering data analyses at low and intermediate energies are presented.The energy-dependence of the nuclear potential is accounted for within a model based on the nonlocal nature of the interaction.The systematics indicate that the heavy-ion nuclear potential can be described in a simple global way through a double-folding shape,which basically depends only on the density of nucleons of the partners in the collision.The poissibility of extracting information about the nucleon-nucleon interaction from the heavy-ion potential is investigated.Comment: 12 pages,12 figure

Elastic scattering, inelastic excitation, and neutron transfer for Li 7 + Sn 120 at energies around the Coulomb barrier

Experimental angular distributions for the 7 Li + 120 Sn elastic and inelastic (projectile and target excitations) scattering, and for the neutron stripping reaction, have been obtained at E LAB = 20, 22, 24, and 26 MeV, covering an energy range around the Coulomb barrier ( V (LAB) B ≈ 21 . 4 MeV). Coupled channel and coupled reaction channel calculations were performed and both describe satisfactorily the experimental data sets. The 1 2 − state 7 Li inelastic excitation (using a rotational model), as well as the projectile coupling to the continuum ( α plus a tritium particle) play a fundamental role on the proper description of elastic, inelastic, and transfer channels. Couplings to the one-neutron stripping channel do not significantly affect the theoretical elastic scattering angular distributions. The spectroscopic amplitudes of the transfer channel were obtained through a shell model calculation. The theoretical angular distributions for the one-neutron stripping reaction agreed with the experimental data

A statistical network analysis of the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Cuba

The Cuban contact-tracing detection system set up in 1986 allowed the reconstruction and analysis of the sexual network underlying the epidemic (5,389 vertices and 4,073 edges, giant component of 2,386 nodes and 3,168 edges), shedding light onto the spread of HIV and the role of contact-tracing. Clustering based on modularity optimization provides a better visualization and understanding of the network, in combination with the study of covariates. The graph has a globally low but heterogeneous density, with clusters of high intraconnectivity but low interconnectivity. Though descriptive, our results pave the way for incorporating structure when studying stochastic SIR epidemics spreading on social networks

Clonal diversity and conservation genetics of the medicinal plant Carapichea ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae)

The roots of the understorey shrub Carapichea ipecacuanha (ipecac) have medicinal properties, and the uprooting of wild plants has supplied most of the world demand for this species. Although under severe population decline, C. ipecacuanha lacks legal protection. In the wild, the aerial stems of ipecac clump together to form clusters with well-defined borders. Cluster size may range from several to hundreds of aerial stems. To investigate the extent of clonality among aerial stems in ipecac clusters, we sampled 50 wild clusters (a total of 291 aerial stems) and screened them with 89 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The 291 aerial stems were grouped into 42 putative clones. The clonal groups generally consisted of aerial stems from the same cluster, and there was little or no genetic differentiation among aerial stems at the cluster level. These findings suggest that strategies designed to conserve ipecac in situ should not rely upon census data, which are based on the number of aerial stems per cluster and the number of clusters per population, because such data greatly underestimate the species effective population size and genetic diversity. Our results also indicate that this species needs protection at a federal level