Biometric study of the width, length and depth of the root trunk groove of human lower second molars

Foram obtidos 100 dentes, segundos molares inferiores (51 esquerdos e 49 direitos) extraídos de humanos quando diagnosticados como condenados (extração indicada). Por meio de um aparelho Contracer foram traçados, em papel milimetrado, os perfis das faces vestibulares e linguais dos 100 dentes em estudo. Estes perfis foram registrados a partir do limite amelocementário, de milímetro em milímetro, até que atingíssemos a entrada da furca. Foram realizadas medidas da largura, comprimento e profundidade da região da pré-furca, assim como o comprimento do tronco radicular. Após a análise estatística (p < 0,05), conclui-se que: a) a largura da pré-furca, na face vestibular, é de 3,6 mm e na face lingual 3,3 mm; b) a profundidade da pré-furca foi de 0,88 mm na face vestibular e 0,77 mm na face lingual; c) o comprimento da pré-furca na face vestibular foi de 2,93 mm e de 3,61 mm na face lingual. O comprimento do tronco radicular foi de 3,09 mm na face vestibular e de 3,91 mm na face lingual (p < 0,025). Houve uma coincidência do comprimento do tronco radicular e da pré-furca em 90,2% da amostra para a face vestibular no lado esquerdo e 77,5% no lado direito; para a face lingual, a coincidência ocorreu em 77,5 % dos casos no lado esquerdo e 88,3% no lado direito.One hundred human lower second molars, 51 from the left side and 49 from the right side, extracted due to their poor clinical and radiographic conditions were utilized in this study. Using a Contracer apparatus, the profiles of the buccal and lingual root surfaces of these teeth were traced on a millimeter-scaled paper. The profiles were registered from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), millimeter by millimeter, up to the entrance of the furcation. The width, length and depth of the root trunk groove, as well as the length of the root trunk, were studied. After statistical analysis (p < 0.05) it was possible to conclude that: a) the mean width of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 3.6 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.3 mm; b) the mean depth of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 0.88 mm and, on the lingual surface, 0.77 mm; c) the mean length of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 2.93 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.61 mm. The mean length of the root trunk on the buccal surface was 3.09 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.91 mm (p < 0.025). There was a coincidence between the length of the root trunk and that of its groove in 90.2% of the buccal surfaces of the samples from the left side, and in 77.5% of the samples from the right side; on the lingual surface, the coincidence occurred in 77.5% of the teeth from the left side, and on 88.3% of the teeth from the right side. This work revealed that there is a concavity on the root trunk region of the lower second molar, whose depth and width were greater on the buccal surface and whose length was greater on the lingual surface. The depth of the root trunk groove increased in the apical direction, with maximum depth in the last millimeter of the root trunk. The root trunk was longer on the lingual surface than it was on the buccal surface

Estudo da correlação dos índices de placa e gengival em mães e filhos

This study aimed to compare the periodontal condition between plaque and gingival indexes in 30 pairs of mother and child with mixed dentition, as well as to correlate the findings with some of their social and oral hygiene habits. Mother's and child's plaque and gingival indexes were recorded during clinical examination. Periapical and bitewing radiographs were taken in order to assess the presence of any pathologic bone loss. Questionnaires answered by the mothers were used to collect information regarding the mother's and the child's habits of tooth hygiene and the mother's job, instruction level and family income. The data collected from the mothers' group and from the children's group were statistically analyzed both separately and with the two groups together. From the statistical analyses (Pearson correlation test, student test and Covariance analysis), it was possible to conclude that there was a greater correlation between the plaque and gingival indexes in the mothers' group than in the children's group. No significant correlation between plaque and gingival indexes could be found between the pairs. Also, bone loss and plaque and gingival indexes in the children did not show any correlation. The mothers' plaque indexes increased with age and decreased when they flossed everyday and when they had a job. The children's plaque indexes were lower when they had their tooth hygiene done by their mothers, when the latter had declared that they flossed their children's teeth everyday, and also when the mothers had a job. Children's gingival indexes increased with age and decreased when they brushed their teeth more often, when their mothers had a job and when their mothers declared they are used to flossing every day.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a condição periodontal em 30 pares de mães e crianças com dentição mista, através dos índices de placa e gengival, bem como verificar sua correlação com alguns aspectos sociais e hábitos de higiene oral. No exame clínico foram registrados o índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG) e, em seguida, foram realizadas tomadas radiográficas periapicais e interproximais que possibilitaram avaliar a possível presença de perdas ósseas em mães e crianças. Através de questionários, foram colhidas informações a respeito dos hábitos de higiene oral das mães e crianças, nível de escolaridade da mãe, se a mãe trabalhava fora e a renda familiar. Após análise estatística (Teste de Correlação de Pearson; test t de Student; Análise de Covariância), concluiu-se que houve maior correlação entre os índices de placa e gengival composto por adultos do que no grupo de crianças. Não foi encontrada correlação significante entre os índices de placa e gengival nos pares de mães e crianças. Não foi encontrada nenhuma correlação significante entre perda óssea e os índices de placa ou gengival dos pares. O índice de placa total das mães aumentou a idade e diminuiu quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando esta trabalhava fora. O índice gengival total das mães também foi reduzido quando elas trabalhavam fora. Houve redução no índice de placa total da criança quando a mãe a auxiliava durante a escovação, quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando esta trabalhava fora. O índice gengival total da criança foi maior com o aumento da idade e foi reduzido com aumento da sua freqüência de escovação, quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando a mãe trabalhava fora

Detection of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in coronary atherosclerotic tissue

Previous studies indicated that patients with atherosclerosis are predominantly infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but rarely infected by type 1 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-1). In this study, atheromas of 30 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery with coronary endartherectomy were tested for the presence of these two viruses. HCMV occurred in 93.3% of the samples and EBV-1 was present in 50% of them. Concurrent presence of both pathogens was detected in 43.3% of the samples.FAPES

Microrganismos superinfectantes em pacientes submetidos a terapia com ciclosporina-A e sua correlação com crescimento gengival

A proposta deste trabalho foi identificar a presença de microrganismos superinfectantes (bastonetes entéricos Gram-negativos e Candida sp.) em pacientes transplantados cardíacos e correlacioná-la com a presença de crescimento gengival. Foram examinados 30 pacientes (10 mulheres e 20 homens - média de idade: 45 anos). Todos os pacientes estavam sob terapia com ciclosporina-A (CsA) sem terem sido submetidos a antibioticoterapia e nem a tratamento periodontal prévio, por pelo menos três meses antes do início do estudo. O paciente deveria ter, no mínimo, seis dentes. Foram registrados os índices de placa bacteriana (IP), índice gengival (IG), valores de profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS) e nível clínico de inserção (NCI). Análise microbiológica foi realizada a partir de amostras coletadas de sulco/bolsa gengival (s/b) e da saliva estimulada (se). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: com crescimento gengival (CCG) e sem crescimento gengival (SCG). Após análise estatística (teste do qui-quadrado; teste t de Student; prova exata de Fisher; p < 0,05), concluiu-se que não houve diferença entre os dois grupos de pacientes com relação a sexo dos pacientes, dosagem de CsA, tempo decorrido após o transplante, IP, IG, PCS e NCI. O exame microbiológico das amostras coletadas mostrou a ausência de bastonetes entéricos Gram-negativos. Foi possível a detecção de Candida sp. (s/b-30% e se-30%). Na amostra de saliva estimulada a presença desse microrganismo estava associada aos pacientes SCG.The aim of this study was to identify the presence of superinfecting microorganisms (Gram-negative enteric rods and Candida sp.) in heart transplant patients and correlate this with gingival overgrowth. Thirty patients (10 females, 20 males - mean age 45 years) were examined. All were under cyclosporin-A (CsA) therapy. Patients who had taken any antibiotics 3 months prior the study or had been submitted to periodontal therapy were not enrolled. Patients were required to have at least 6 teeth. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Microbiological samples were taken from sulcus/pocket (s/p) and from stimulated saliva (ss) and submitted to analysis. Patients were divided into two groups: the ones with gingival overgrowth (GO) and those without gingival overgrowth (WGO). After statistical analysis (chi-square test, Student's t-test, Fisher test, p < 0.05), we concluded that there was no statistical difference between groups in the parameters of gender, CsA dosage, time since transplantation, PI, GI, PD and CAL. Gram-negative rods from either the sulcus/pocket or saliva samples were not found. Candida sp. was detected (s/p - 30% and ss - 30%). Stimulated saliva samples analysis determined that the presence of Candida sp. was associated with patients without gingival overgrowth

Comparison between two bone substitutes for alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction: Cone-beam computed tomography results of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

AIM To test the non-inferiority of demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) compared to DBBM with 10% collagen (DBBM-C) for maintenance of bone volume after tooth extraction in the anterior maxilla. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-six patients were randomly treated with DBBM or DBBM-C, both of which were covered with a collagen matrix for ridge preservation in the anterior maxilla. Cone-beam computed tomographic analysis was performed immediately and 4 months after treatment. The primary outcome, for which non-inferiority of DBBM was tested, was change in the horizontal ridge width 1 mm below the buccal alveolar crest (HW-1) 4 months after extraction. RESULTS Four months after extraction, HW-1 measured -1.60 mm ± 0.82 mm for DBBM-C, while the DBBM group showed a mean loss of -1.37 mm ± 0.84 mm (p = 0.28, 0.23 [95% CI: -0.19; 0.64]). The horizontal ridge width at 3 mm (HW-3) showed -0.98 mm (±0.67 mm) for DBBM-C and -0.84 mm (±0.62 mm) for DBBM (p = 0.40, 0.12 [95% CI: -0.19; 0.45]), and the horizontal ridge width at 5 mm (HW-5) showed -0.67 mm (±0.47 mm) for DBBM-C and -0.56 mm (±0.48 mm) for DBBM (p = 0.36, 0.11 [95% CI: -0.13; 0.34]). CONCLUSIONS The present clinical trial demonstrated non-inferiority of DBBM compared to DBBM-C for maintenance of alveolar bone volume 4 months after tooth extraction in the anterior maxilla

Clinical effect of a herbal dentifrice on the control of plaque and gingivitis: a double-blind study

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico aleatório duplo-cego foi avaliar o efeito do dentifrício Paradontax na redução de placa e gengivite. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram aleatoriamente arrolados em grupo teste (n = 15, Paradontax) e grupo controle (n = 15, dentifrício convencional com flúor). A quantidade de placa foi aferida por meio do Índice de Placa de Quigley & Hein modificado por Turesky (IP), e o grau de gengivite, pelo Índice Gengival (IG). Os participantes foram orientados a escovar os dentes com o dentifrício três vezes ao dia, por 21 dias. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos com relação aos valores medianos de IP e IG no início do estudo e após 21 dias. Não houve redução significativa no IP dos grupos teste e controle. No entanto, houve uma redução significativa no IG no grupo teste. Os resultados levaram à conclusão de que não houve diferença entre os dois dentifrícios com relação à redução de placa e gengivite.The aim of this randomized, double-blind clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of the Paradontax dentifrice on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Subjects were randomly allocated into either the test group (n = 15, Paradontax) or the control group (n = 15, standard dentifrice with fluoride). Plaque levels were measured using the Turesky modification of the Quigley & Hein Plaque Index (PI), and gingivitis was evaluated with the Gingival Index (GI). Subjects were asked to brush their teeth with the allocated dentifrice, three times a day, for 21 days. There was no significant difference between groups in relation to the PI and GI medians, at baseline and at the end of the 21-day period. There was no significant reduction in PI in either the test or control groups. There was a significant decrease in GI in the test group. The authors concluded that there was no difference between the dentifrices in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis

Conventional versus flap-protected free gingival graft: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of a modified gingival graft technique, in which the released flap is positioned and sutured over the graft, with the conventional free gingival graft (FGG) procedure, when both are used for gingival augmentation. A 12-month, multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted. Subjects with buccal RT2 gingival recessions and keratinized tissue width (KTW) < 2 mm in at least one mandibular incisor were randomized to control group (n = 20; conventional FGG) or test group (n = 20; modified FGG; flap sutured over FGG using sling sutures). The primary outcome (KTW) was measured at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months, as was keratinized tissue thickness (KTT). Postoperative pain (POP) and analgesic intake were also recorded. Both techniques promoted a significant increase in KTW and KTT when compared to baseline (p < 0.05) with no significant differences between groups (KTW change of 6.1±1.5 mm and 5.4±1.6 mm, for control and test, respectively; p=0.16). However, test group patients reported less POP after 7 days and used less analgesic medication than control group patients (p < 0.05). We concluded that the modified FGG was comparable to conventional FGG in augmenting keratinized tissue width and thickness at mandibular incisors, but resulted in less patient morbidity

Comparación entre métodos de cultivo independientes y dependientes para la detección de bacteriemia transitoria en individuos diabéticos con periodontitis crónica

Introduction: Oral-derived bacteremia may occur after several dental procedures and routine daily activities. Some conditions of the oral cavity may favor episodes of bacteremia. This would be the case of patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, who exhibit exacerbated gingival inflammation and may be more prone to developing oral-derived bacteremia. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of an independent culture method (quantitative real-time PCR- qCR) and the most commonly used method (BacT-ALERT 3D®) for the diagnosis of bacteremia. Materials and methods: Blood samples were drawn from subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis before and after apple chewing. Samples were processed by an automated blood culture system (BacT-ALERT 3D®) monitored for 15 days with suitable subculture of positive cultures. In parallel, whole DNA from blood samples was purified using a commercial kit and screened by qPCR using a universal primer set of16S rDNA for bacteria detection. Results: Blood cultures taken before apple chewing were shown to be negative by the two diagnostic methods. After chewing, two samples (11%) showed bacterial growth by BacT-ALERT 3D® whereas qPCR did not detect the presence of bacteria in any sample. Conclusions: qPCR did not show greater effectiveness than the BacT-ALERT 3D® in the detection of bacteremia of oral origin.Introducción. Las bacteriemias de origen oral pueden ocurrir después de procedimientos odontológicos y de otros actos cotidianos. Algunas condiciones de la cavidad oral favorecen las bacteriemias como en el caso de pacientes con diabetes mellitus y periodontitis que presentan inflamación gingival exacerbada.Objetivo. Comparar la eficacia de un método independiente de cultivo (PCR cuantitativa) y otro dependiente (BacT-ALERT 3D®) en la detección de la bacteriemia.Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de individuos con diabetes mellitus de tipo II y periodontitis, antes y después de la masticación de manzana. Una alícuota se procesó por el sistema automatizado de hemocultivo (BacT-ALERT 3D®) y se monitorizó durante 15 días; la otra alícuota fue tratada para la extracción del ADN y procesada por RT-PCR usando un conjunto de cebadores de 16S rDNA exclusivos para bacterias.Resultados. En las muestras tomadas antes de masticar se confirmó la ausencia de bacterias mediante los dos métodos. En las muestras tomadas después de masticar la presencia de bacterias se evidenció únicamente en dos hemocultivos y en ninguna de las muestras se detectó la presencia de bacterias con el método de RT-PCR.Conclusiones. La PCR cuantitativa no mostró mayor eficacia que el BacT-ALERT 3D® en la detección de la bacteriemia de origen oral