Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Esther (dhaee) Microcapsule Production By Spray-drying: Optimization By Experimental Design [obtenção De Microcápsulas Do éster Etílico Do ácido Docosa-hexaenoico (dhaee) Por Atomização: Otimização Através De Planejamento Experimental]

Docosahexaenoic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with important metabolic activities. Its conjugated double bonds make it susceptible to decomposition. Its stability may be improved through fatty acid entrapment with a spray-drying technique; however, the many parameters involved in this technique must be considered to avoid affecting the final product quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entrapment conditions and yields of fish oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Microcapsules were obtained from Acacia gum using a spray-drying technique. The experimental samples were analyzed by chromatography and delineated by Statistica software, which found the following optimum entrapment conditions: an inlet temperature of 188 °C; 30% core material; an N 2 flow rate of 55 mm; and a pump flow rate of 12.5 mL/minute. These conditions provided a 66% yield of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in the oil, corresponding to 19.8% of entrapped docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (w/w). This result was considered significant since 30% corresponded to wall material.313589596Ahn, J.H., Optimization of microencapsulation of seed oil by response surface methodology (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 98-105. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.067Bertolini, A.C., Siani, A.C., Grosso, C.R.F., Stability of monoterpenes of encapsulated in gum arabic by spray drying (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp. 780-785. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000436y, PMid:11262028Botelho, M.L.R., (1999) Propriedades Físico- Químicas Do Exsudato De Anacardium Occidentale L Para Indústria De Alimentos, , 113 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Quimica)-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1999Buffo, R.A., Reineccius, G.A., Oehlert, G.W., Factors affecting the emulsifying and rheological properties of gum acacia in beverages emulsions (2001) Food Hydrocolloids, 15, pp. 53-66. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(00)00050-3Cappi, A., de Jesus, S.S., Maciel, F., Secagem de α-amilase em spray dryer (2001) CONGRESSO INTERNO DE INICIAÇÃO CIENTIFICA DA UNICAMP, 9, p. 2001. , Campinas. Anais... Campinas: UnicampChang, Y.I., Scire, J., Jacobs, B., Effect of particle size and microstructure properties on encapsulated orange oil (1988) Flavor Encapsulation. Washington: American Chemical Society, pp. 87-102. , RISCH, S. J.REINECCIUS,G. A, cap. 10. (ACS Symposium Series 370Chattopadhyaya, S., Singhal, R.S., Kulkarn, P.R., Oxidized starch as gum Arabic substitute for encapsulation of flavours (1998) Carbohydrate Polymers, 37, p. 144. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00054-Xde Paula, R.C.M., Rodrigues, J.F., Composition and rheological properties of cashew tree gum, the exudates polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale L (1995) Carbohydrate Polymers, 26, pp. 177-181. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00006-Sde Jesus, S.S., (2002) Desenvolvimento E Analise Do Processo De Secagem De [alfa]-amilase Por Microondas a Vácuo, , 161 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Quimica)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2002Dziezak, J.D., A focus on gums. Building in texture, stability, and emulsification are just some of ways in which gums aid product development: Special Report (1991) Food Technology, 45 (3), pp. 116-132Filková, I., Mujumdar, A.S., (1995) Industrial Spray Drying Systems In Handbook of Industrial Drying, p. 742. , New York: Marcel Dekker IncGoubet, I., Quere, J.L., Voilley, A.J., Retention of aroma compounds by carbohydrates: Influence of their physicochemical characteristics and of their physical state. A review (1998) Journal Agricultural of Food Chemistry, 46, pp. 1981-1990. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970709yInhamuns, A.J., Franco, M.R.B., EPA and DHA quantification in two species of freshwater fish from Central Amazonia (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 587-591. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.032Krabbendam, L., Relationship between DHA status at birth and child problem behaviour at 7 years of age. Prostaglandins (2007) Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 76, pp. 29-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.09.004, PMid:17074476Lamprecht, A., Schäfer, U., Lehr, C.M., Influences of process parameters on preparation of microparticle used as a carrier system for Ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters used in supplementary nutrition (2001) Journal of Microencapsulation, 18, pp. 347-357. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040010000433, PMid:11308225Leite, J.T.C., (2001) Obtenção De Extrato De Inulina De Chicória (Cichorium Intybus) Por Abaixamento De Temperatura E Secagem Por Spray Dryer, , 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2001Martin, C.A., Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: Importância e ocorrência em alimentos (2006) Revista De Nutrição, 19 (6), pp. 761-770Narayan, B., Miyashita, K., Hosakawa, M., Physiological effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review (2006) Food Reviews International, 22 (3), pp. 291-307. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559120600694622Nori, M.A., Ingredientes e aditivos microencapsulados na indústria de alimentos (1996) Engenharia De Alimentos, 1 (6), pp. 33-34Pauletti, M.S., Amestoy, P., Butter microencapsulation as affected by composition of wall material and fat (1999) Journal of Food Science, 64, pp. 279-282. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15882.xRé, M.I., Microencapsulation by spray drying (1998) Drying Technology, 16 (6), pp. 1195-1236. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917460Ré, M.I., Microencapsulação: Em busca de produtos' inteligentes (2000) Ciência Hoje, 27 (162), pp. 24-29Robbers, J.E., Speedie, M.K., Tyler, V.E., (1997) Farmacognosia E Farmacobiotecnologia, p. 372. , Tradução de Benedetti, I. C. Supervisão Científica de Bastos, J. K. e outros. 1 a ed., Editorial Premier. São PauloRodrigues, R.A.F., (2004) Preparo, Caracterização E Avaliação Functional De Microcápsulas Obtidas Por Spray Drying, Contendo Extrato De Café Crioconcentrado, , 239 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Alimentos)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2004Seaton, T., The Omega 3 Explosion (2006) Nutraceuticals World MagazineShahidi, F., Wanasundara, U.N., Omega 3-fatty acids: Nutritional aspects and production technologies (1998) Trends Food Science Technology, 9, pp. 230-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(98)00044-2, PMid:21299575Shahidi, F., Han, X., Encapsulation of food ingredients (1993) Boca Raton, 33 (6), pp. 501-547. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399309527645, Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition PMid:8216812Simopoulos, A.P., Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds (2002) Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (6), pp. 163-173. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.6.5.xUauy, R., Valenzuela, A., Marine oils: The health benefits of n-3 fatty acids (2000) Nutrition, 6 (7-8), pp. 680-684. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00326-9Wareing, M.V., (1997) Exudate Gums, pp. 87-118. , IMESON, A. Thickening and gelling agents for food. 2th ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & HallWendel, S., Çelik, M., Uma visão geral sobre o uso da tecnologia de Spray-Drying (1998) Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 31-45Zakaria, M.B., Rahman, Z.A., Rheological properties of cashew gum (1996) Carbohydrate Polymers, 29 (1), pp. 25-27. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00132-

Recuperação De Sesquiterpenos Do óleo-resina De Copaíba A Partir Da Destilação Molecular

Copaiba oil-resin has aromatic characteristics and pharmacological activities attributed to sesquiterpenes compounds. These purified compounds present application in perfume, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the objective of this work was to use molecular distillation to recover and purify sesquiterpenes of the copaiba oil-resin with purity high. The parameters evaporator temperature (TEV) from 45 to 100 °C and feed flow rate (Q) between 15 and 30 ml min-1 were evaluated through design of experiments (22 with center points). The results showed that it was possible to recover sesquiterpenes with 98.12% purity in the distillate stream. Increased in TEV and reduction in Q were the effects observed experimentally and through the response surface. The best experimental condition was TEV of 100 °C and Q of 15 mL min-1. Collor differences were noticed between distillate streams (colorless) and residue (brown). These can be used as parameters for separation of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. The molecular distillation proved to be an efficient processo to both recovery and purification of sesquiterpenes from the copaiba oil-resin.39779580

Monoamine involvement in the antidepressant-like effect induced by P2 blockade

Peer reviewe

Intramolecular Interception Of Reactive Intermediates In The Raney Nickel 'generated In Situ' Reduction Of Oximes. Synthetic And Mechanistic Implications

Reduction of oximes 4, obtained from 1,5 di-hydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones 3, with Raney nickel 'generated in situ' afforded pyrrolo [3,2b] pyrrolone derivatives 6 and 7 and, in some cases, amines 5. The reduction of 4 with W7 Raney nickel afforded only amines 5. Mechanistic aspects of these reductions were investigated. The formation of 6 and 7 is attributed to the deactivation of the catalyst by sodium hydroxide.52401291912930Kascheres, C., Kascheres, A., Pilli, P.S.H., (1980) J.Org. Chem, 45, p. 5340Staskun, B., Van Es, T., (1966) J. Chem. Soc. (C), p. 531Satake, K., Kumagai, T., Mukai, T., (1983) Chem Lett., 5, p. 743Roeber, H., Matusch, R., Hartke, K., (1975) Chem. Ber., 108, p. 3247Mukai, T., Kumagai, T., Tanaka, S., (1988) Chem. Abst., 108, pp. 186728v. , Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 62,207, 275Soberg, Y., Naturforsh, Z.C., (1977) Bioscience, 32, p. 292Arita, M., Saito, T., Fukumasu, Y., Haga, K., (1993) Chem. Abst., 118, pp. 191719d. , Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04,270,283 [92,270,283]Greenhill, J.V., (1977) Chem. Soc. Rev, 6, p. 277Breslow, R., Eicher, T., Krebs, A., Peterson, R.A., Posner, J., (1965) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, p. 1320Da Silva, Cleuza, C., (1985) Reaction of Diphenylcyclopropenone with Enaminones, , Universidade Estadual de CampinasAdkins, H., Billica, H.R., (1948) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, p. 69

Propriedades farmacológicas da Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

A Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. tem sido utilizada há milhares de anos na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de diversos males. O intuito desse trabalho foi o levantamento bibliográfico de artigos que evidenciassem a atividade farmacológica da Aloe vera. A revisão contemplou livros e periódicos nacionais e internacionais indexados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciElo, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, utilizando as palavras-chave citadas. Após o levantamento bibliográfico, constatou-se que várias atividades biológicas são atribuídas a Aloe vera. Evidências sugerem eficácia no tratamento da psoríase, herpes genital, queimaduras e hiperglicemia. Além disto, também foram demonstradas atividades antineoplásica, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e imunomodulatória por estudos in vitro e in vivo, entretanto, na cicatrização de feridas, os resultados foram conflitantes. No tratamento de dermatite por radiação e em queimaduras solares sua eficácia não foi comprovada e foram relatados casos de hepatite aguda devido ao consumo de preparações orais. Tendo em vista as várias atividades comprovadas e poucos relatos acerca de sua contra indicação, conclui-se que o uso desta espécie corrobora o vasto uso popular

Pharmacological Activities Of Aloe Vera (l.) Burm. F [propriedades Farmacológicas Da Aloe Vera (l.) Burm. F]

The Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. The aim of this study was to carry out a bibliographical review on the pharmacological activity of Aloe vera. This review included books and national and international journals indexed to MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, using the key words mentioned. After the literature review, we found that several biological activities have been attributed to Aloe vera. Evidence suggests efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis, genital herpes, burns and hyperglycemia. Moreover, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities have also been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies; however, in wound healing, the results were conflicting. In the treatment of radiation dermatitis and sunburn, its efficacy has not been proven, and cases of acute hepatitis from the consumption of oral preparations have been reported. Considering the various proven activities and the few reports about the contraindications of Aloe vera, we conclude that the use of this species confirms its wide popular usage.162299307Alonso, J., (2007) Tratados de fitofarmacos y nutraceuticos, p. 1150. , 2. ed. Argentina: Corpus EditorialInforme Técnico n. 47, , http://www.anvisa.gov.br, ANVISA., de 16 de novembro de 2011. Esclarecimentos sobre comercialização de Aloe vera (babosa) e suas avaliações de segurança realizadas na área de alimentos da Anvisa. Disponível em:, Acesso em: 21 de nov. de 2011Atherton, P., Aloe vera revisited (1997) The British Journal of Phytotherapy, 4 (4), pp. 176-183Baretta, Z., Aloe-induced hypokalemia in a patient with breast cancer during chemotherapy (2009) Annals of Oncology, 20 (8), pp. 1445-1446Bottenberg, M.M., Oral aloe vera induced hepatitis (2007) The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41 (10), pp. 1740-1743Carvalho, J.C.T., (2005) Formulário Médico Farmacêutico de Fitoterapia, p. 404. , 2. ed. Editora PharmabooksChandan, B.K., Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. Against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity (2007) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111 (3), pp. 560-566Cho, S., Dietary Aloe vera supplementation improves facial wrinkles and elasticity and it increases the type 1 procollagen gene expression in human skin in vivo (2009) Annals of Dermatology, 21 (1), pp. 6-11Choi, C.W., The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera (2001) British Journal of Dermatology, 145 (4), pp. 535-545Choonhakarn, C., A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0, 1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriais (2010) Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24 (2), pp. 168-172Choonhakarn, C., The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial (2008) The British Journal of Dermatology, 158 (3), pp. 573-577Collins, C.E., Collins, C., Roentgen dermatitis treated with fresh whole leaf of aloe vera (1935) American Journal of Roentgenology, 33, pp. 396-397Cunha, A.P., (2005) Farmacognosia e Fotoquímica, p. 670. , 1. ed. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste GulbenkianDal'Belo, S.E., Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by sking bioengineering techniques (2006) Skin Research and Technology, 12 (4), pp. 241-246Das, S., Isolation and characterization of novel protein with anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties from Aloe vera leaf gel (2011) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 48 (1), pp. 38-43Davis, R.H., Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera (1994) Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 84 (2), pp. 77-81Eshghi, F., Effects of Aloe vera cream on posthemorrhoidectomy pain and wound healing: Results of a randomized, blind, placebo-control study (2010) The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16 (6), pp. 647-650Eshun, K., He, Q., Aloe vera: A valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries-a review (2004) Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44 (2), pp. 91-96Esmat, A.Y., Cytotoxicity of a natural anthraquinone (aloin) agains human breast cancer cell lines with and without Erb-2-Topoisomerase IIα coamplification (2006) Cancer Biology & Therapy, 5 (1), pp. 97-103Femenia, A., Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues (1999) Carbohydrate Polymers, 39 (2), pp. 109-117Femenia, A., Effects of heat treatment and dehydration on bioactive polysaccharide acemannan and cell wall polymers from Aloe Barbadensis Miller (2003) Carbohydrate Polymers, 51 (4), pp. 397-405Ferro, V.A., In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller (2003) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemothererapy, 47 (3), pp. 1137-1139Guerra, M.F.L., Uso empírico in natura de Aloe sp em portadores de conjuntivite (2008) Revista de Enfermagem da UFPE, 2 (1), pp. 36-46Gupta, R., Anti-tuberculosis activity of selected medicinal plants agains multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (2010) Indian Journal of Medical Research, 131, pp. 809-813. , junHaller, J.S., A drug for all seasons Medical and Pharmacological history of Aloe (1990) Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 66 (6), pp. 647-659Holanda, C.M.C.X., Effect of an extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in rats (2009) Acta. Cirúrgica Brasileira, 24 (5), pp. 383-386Horgan, D.J., Widespread dermatitis after topical treatment of chronic leg ulcers and stasis dermatitis (1988) Canadian Medical Association Journal, 138 (4), pp. 336-338Jettanacheawchankit, S., Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferationexpressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type 1 collagenand wound healing (2009) Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 109, pp. 525-531Khorasani, G., Aloe versus silver sulfadiazine creams for second-degree burns: A randomized controlled study (2009) Surgery Today, 39 (7), pp. 587-591Langmead, L., Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis (2004) Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 19 (7), pp. 739-747Lawrence, R., Isolation, purification and evaluation of antibacterial agents from Aloe vera (2009) Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 40 (4), pp. 906-915Lee, S.S., The antimicrobial potential of 14 natural herbal dentifrices: Results of an in vitro diffusion method study (2004) Journal of the American Dental Association, 135 (5), pp. 1133-1141Lissoni, P., Biotherapy with the pineal immunomodulating hormone melatonin versus melatonin plus Aloe vera in untreatable advanced solid neoplasms (1998) Natural Immunity, 16 (1), pp. 27-33Lissoni, P., A Randomized study of chemotherapy versus biochemotherapy with chemotherapy plus Aloe arborescens in patients with metastatic cancer (2009) In vivo, 23 (1), pp. 171-175Lorenzi, H., Matos, F.J.A., (2008) Plantas medicinais no Brasil-Nativas e exóticas, p. 244. , 2. ed. São Paulo: Instituto PlantarumLoveman, A.B., Leaf of aloe vera in treatment of roentgen ray ulcers (1937) Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology, 36, pp. 838-843Maia-Filho, A.L.M., Efeito do gel da babosa (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) associado ao ultrassom em processo inflamatório agudo (2011) Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 13 (2), pp. 146-150Mendonça, F.A.S., Effects of the application of Aloe vera (L.) and microcurrent on the healing of wounds surgically induced in wistar rats (2009) Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 24 (2), pp. 150-155Merchant, T.E., A phase III trial comparing an anionic phospholipid-based cream and aloe vera-based gel in the prevention of radiation dermatitis in pediatric patients (2007) Radiation Oncology, 2 (44). , http://www.ro-journal.com/content/2/1/45, Disponível em:, Acesso em: 25 abr. 2011Ngo, M.G., Oral Aloe vera for treatment of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia (2010) American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 67 (21), pp. 1804-1811Niciforovic, A., Antitumor effects of a natural anthracycline analog (aloin) involve altered activity of antioxidant enzymes in HeLaS3 cells (2007) Cancer Biology & Therapy, 6 (8), pp. 1211-1216Noor, A., Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera and histology of organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (2008) Current Science, 94 (8), pp. 1070-1076Oliveira, S.M.A., Effect of a dentifrice containing Aloe vera on plaque and gengivitis control. A double-blind clinical study in humans (2008) Journal of Oral Applied Science, 16 (4), pp. 293-296Ozsoy, N., Implications for degenerative disorders-Antioxidative activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and α-tocopherol in Aloe vera (2009) Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2 (2), pp. 99-106Park, M.Y., Evaluation of aloin and aloe-emodin as anti-inflammatory agents in aloe by using murine macrophages (2009) Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 73 (4), pp. 828-832Puataweepong, P., The efficacy of oral Aloe vera juice for radiation induced mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled study (2009) Asian Biomedicine, 3 (4), pp. 375-382Puerto, E.C., Efecto antiviral del extracto acuoso de Aloe barbadensis contra el vírus de la hepatitis B (2001) Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 6 (1), pp. 7-11Puvabanditsin, P., Vongtongsri, R., Efficacy of Aloe vera cream in prevention and treatment of sunburn and suntan (2005) Journal of Medical Association of Thailand, 88 (4), pp. 173-176Rabe, C., Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: A case report (2005) World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11 (2), pp. 303-304Rajar, U.D.M., Efficacy of Aloe vera gel in the treatment of vulval lichen planus (2008) Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 18 (10), pp. 612-614Rajasekaran, S., Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats (2005) Pharmacological Reports, 57 (1), pp. 90-96Rivas, M.R., Acción antiasmática del Aloe vera em pacientes (2004) Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 9 (1)Rodríguez-Gonzales, V.M., Effects of pasteurization on bioactive polysaccharide acemannan and cell wall polymers from Aloe barbadensis Miller (2011) Carbohydrate Polymers, 86 (4), pp. 1675-1683Saini, M., Anti-tumor activity of Aloe vera against DMBA/croton oil-induced skin papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice (2010) Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 29 (2), pp. 127-135Salazar-Sánchez, N., Efficacy of topical Aloe vera in patients with oral lichen planus: A randomized double-blind study (2010) Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, 39 (10), pp. 735-740Schmidt, J.M., Greenspoon, J.S., Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing (1991) Obstetrics & Gynecology, 78 (1), pp. 115-117Su, C.K., Phase II double-blind randomized study comparing oral aloe vera versus placebo to prevent radiation-related mucositis in patients with head-and-neck neoplasms (2004) International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 60 (1), pp. 171-177Surjushe, A., Aloe vera: A short review (2008) Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53 (4), pp. 163-166Syed, T.A., Management of psoriais with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study (1996) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1 (4), pp. 505-509Syed, T.A., Aloe vera extract 0, 5% in a hydrophilic cream versus Aloe vera gel for the management of genital herpes in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study (1996) Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 7 (3), pp. 294-295Syed, T.A., Management of genital herpes in men with 0, 5% Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: A placebo-controlled double-blind study (1997) Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 8 (2), pp. 99-102Takahashi, M., Liposomes encapsulating Aloe vera leaf gel extract significantly enhance proliferation and collagen synthesis in human skin cell lines (2009) Journal of Oleo Science, 58 (12), pp. 643-650Takzare, N., Influence of Aloe vera gel on dermal wound healing process in rat (2009) Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 19 (1), pp. 73-77Tamura, N., Inhibition of infectious diseases by components from Aloe vera (2009) Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 73 (4), pp. 950-953Tanaka, M., Identification of five phytosterols from aloe vera gel as anti-diabetic compounds (2006) Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29 (7), pp. 1418-1422Teske, M., Trentini, A.M.M., (1997) Herbarium-Compêndio de Fitoterapia, p. 317. , 3. ed. Curitiba: Herbarium Laboratório BotânicoTomasin, R., Gomes-Marcondes, M.C.C., Oral administration of Aloe vera and honey reduces walker tumour growth by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis in tumor tissue (2011) Phytotherapy Research, 25 (4), pp. 619-623Villalobos, O.J., Efecto de un enjuague bucal compuesto de Aloe vera en la placa bacteriana e inflamación gingival (2001) Acta. Odontológica Venezolana, 39 (2), pp. 16-24Vinson, J., Effect of Aloe vera preparations on the human bioavailability of vitamins C and E (2005) Phytomedicine, 12 (10), pp. 760-765Wagner, H., Wiesenauer, M., Fitoterapia: Fitofármacos, Farmacologia e Aplicações clínicas (2006) Pharmabooks, p. 424. , 2. ed(1999) WHO Monographs on selected medicinal plants, 1. , WHO, World Health Organization., Geneva: WHO PublicationsWilliams, M.S., Phase III double-blind evaluation of an Aloe vera gel as a prophylatic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity (1996) International Journal Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 36 (2), pp. 345-349Yang, H.N., Aloe-induced toxic hepatitis (2010) Journal of Korean Medical Science, 25 (3), pp. 492-495Yaron, A., Characterization of Aloe vera gel before and after autodegradation and stabilization of the natural fresh gel (1993) Phytotherapy Research, 7 (7), pp. 11-13Zhang, L., Tizard, I.R., Activation of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: The major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gel (1996) Immunopharmacology, 35, pp. 119-12