Designing connected marine reserves in the face of global warming

Marine reserves are widely used to protect species important for conservation and fisheries and to help maintain ecological processes that sustain their populations, including recruitment and dispersal. Achieving these goals requires well‐connected networks of marine reserves that maximize larval connectivity, thus allowing exchanges between populations and recolonization after local disturbances. However, global warming can disrupt connectivity by shortening potential dispersal pathways through changes in larval physiology. These changes can compromise the performance of marine reserve networks, thus requiring adjusting their design to account for ocean warming. To date, empirical approaches to marine prioritization have not considered larval connectivity as affected by global warming. Here, we develop a framework for designing marine reserve networks that integrates graph theory and changes in larval connectivity due to potential reductions in planktonic larval duration (PLD) associated with ocean warming, given current socioeconomic constraints. Using the Gulf of California as case study, we assess the benefits and costs of adjusting networks to account for connectivity, with and without ocean warming. We compare reserve networks designed to achieve representation of species and ecosystems with networks designed to also maximize connectivity under current and future ocean‐warming scenarios. Our results indicate that current larval connectivity could be reduced significantly under ocean warming because of shortened PLDs. Given the potential changes in connectivity, we show that our graph‐theoretical approach based on centrality (eigenvector and distance‐weighted fragmentation) of habitat patches can help design better‐connected marine reserve networks for the future with equivalent costs. We found that maintaining dispersal connectivity incidentally through representation‐only reserve design is unlikely, particularly in regions with strong asymmetric patterns of dispersal connectivity. Our results support previous studies suggesting that, given potential reductions in PLD due to ocean warming, future marine reserve networks would require more and/or larger reserves in closer proximity to maintain larval connectivity

Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Muscles during Backhand Throw in Ultimate Frisbee

SOUHRN Název: Elektromyografická analýza vybraných svalů během hodu backhand ve hře ultimate frisbee Title: Electromyographic analysis of selected muscles during a backhand throw in ultimate frisbee Cíl práce: Naše práce se zaměřuje na analýzu svalové činnosti během hodu backhand v jedné z nejnovějších kolektivních her- ultimate frisbee. Sleduje míru společné aktivace extenzorů zápěstí - vykonávajících odhození disku a lopatkových svalů (m.trapezius - kraniální a kaudální porce, m.serratus anterior a m.pectoralis major)- dynamických stabilizátorů lopatky. Dále sleduje rozdíly v zapojení svalů během této aktivity ve skupině trénovaných hráčů ultimate. Metoda: Ke snímání aktivity zmíněných svalů jsme použili metodu povrchové elektromyografie. PEMG zachycuje souvislost mezi svalovou aktivitou na akru a kořenovém kloubu horní končetiny během odhodu disku při backhandu. Výsledky: Experiment ukazuje na rozdílnost v aktivaci svalů ve skupině trénovaných hráčů ultimate frisbee, odvíjející se od individuálního vzoru (resp.stylu) pohybového projevu hráče. Při dalším analyzování však vycházejí do popředí dva pohybové modely, odvíjející se od společných znaků či podob získaných vzorů. l.model je charakteristický dominancí m.pectoralis major, ke kterému se ve dvou případech připojuje aktivita m.serratus anterior a v..

Temporal and spectral signatures of the default mode network

The existence of a structured pattern of neuronal activity in the brain at rest has been consistently reported in the neuroscience literature. Multiple techniques, such as fMRI, MEG and EEG, showed that spontaneous, slow fluctuations of cerebral activity are temporally coherent within distributed functional networks resembling those evoked by sensory, motor, and cognitive paradigms. Among these networks, the Default Mode network gained large interest because of its anatomical and functional architecture. In fact, this network seems to reflect the default brain activity at rest and it has been associated with internal mentation, autobiographical memory, thinking about one's future, theory of mind, self-referential and affective decision making. What processing demands are shared in common across such a variety of tasks is presently unclear, and to disentangle such high level tasks into component processes is challenging. Here, we address some of these aspects by reviewing the current MEG studies on this network. In fact, while MEG data confirm the observed fMRI spatial topography, some new intriguing temporal and frequency properties of this network are revealed. Such findings enrich the original fMRI scenario on the DMN functional roles in terms of internal coupling and cross-network communication in the brain at rest. The Default Mode Network's internal coupling seems to be characterized by slow frequencies in the alpha and beta range and the cross-network interaction reveals that the DMN plays a central role in the communication across many different resting state networks