Utjecaj poslijeoperacijske epiduralne analgezije na poslijeoperacijsku bol i stresni odgovor nakon veće operacije kralježnice – randomizirano kontrolirano dvostruko slijepo ispitivanje

Major spinal surgery is associated with severe postoperative pain and stress response, bowel dysfunction, and a potential for chronic pain development. Epidural analgesia has been shown to be advantageous compared to intravenous analgesia alone. The aim of the study was to investigate whether postoperative addition of epidural levobupivacaine to intravenous opioid analgesia offers advantage over intravenous opioid analgesia alone. Eighty-one patients scheduled for spinal fusion were enrolled in the study and randomized into two groups. Postoperatively, group A received 0.125% epidural levobupivacaine and group B received saline. Both groups also received intravenous piritramide as a rescue analgesic. Pain intensity, rescue analgesic consumption, blood glucose, cholesterol and cortisol levels, postoperative blood loss, paresthesia, time to first postoperative defecation, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Sixty-eight patients completed the study. The visual analog scale score (mean 2 vs. 4, p=0.01), consumption of piritramide (25 mg vs. 51.5 mg, p=0.01) and metamizole (1400 vs. 1875 mg, p<0.01), incidence of nausea (6% vs. 28% p=0.02) and blood loss (450 mL vs. 650 mL, p<0.05) were significantly lower in group A. Bowel recovery and first postoperative defecation also occurred earlier in group A (6% vs. 45%, p<0.01). Blood cortisol, glucose and cholesterol levels and the incidence of paresthesia did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, after spinal fusion, postoperative epidural administration of levobupivacaine provides better analgesia and fewer side effects with no impact on stress response.Cilj naše studije je bio usporediti poslijeoperacijsku epiduralnu analgeziju s intravenskom analgezijom piritramidom koju bolesnik kontrolira sam (patient controlled analgesia, PCA). Ocjenjivali smo poslijeoperacijske bolove i stresni odgovor. U ovu prospektivnu randomiziranu dvostruko slijepu studiju bio je uključen 81 bolesnik u razdoblju od srpnja 2007. Do studenoga 2010. godine. Bolesnici su bili podijeljeni u skupinu A koja je dobila levobupivakain kroz epiduralni kateter i skupinu B koja je istim putem dobivala fiziološku otopinu za poslijeoperacijsku analgeziju. Obje skupine su poslijeoperacijski dobile piritramid putem PCA pumpe. Poslijeoperacijski smo ocjenjivali bolove prema vizualno analognoj ljestvici (VAS), potrošnju analgetika, koncentraciju glukoze, kolesterola i kortizola u krvi, gubitak krvi, peristaltiku, razdoblje do prve defekacije i trajanje boravka u bolnici. Na kraju studije bilo je uključeno 68 bolesnika. Ocjena bolova prema VAS, potrošnja piritramida, metamizola, incidencija mučnine i gubitak krvi su bili značajno niži u skupini A (p<0,05). Peristaltika i prva poslijeoperacijska defekacija su se pojavile ranije u skupini A (p<0,01). Među skupinama nije bilo razlike u koncentraciji kortizola, kolesterola i glukoze u krvi. Nakon operacije kralježnice epiduralni levobupivakain je omogućio bolju poslijeoperacijsku analgeziju i manje nuspojava, manji gubitak krvi i raniji povratak crijevne funkcije u usporedbi s intravenskom analgezijom piritramidom

The three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis – Part III, correlation with clinical classification and parameters

BACKGROUND: In the first part of this study we proposed a new classification approach for spinal deformities (3-DEMO classification). To be valid, a classification needs to describe adequately the phenomenon considered (construct validity): a way to verify this issue is comparison with already existing classifications (concurrent and criterion validity). AIM: To compare the 3-DEMO classification and the numerical results of its classificatory parameters with the existing clinical classifications and the Cobb degrees on the frontal and sagittal planes respectively. METHODS: 118 subjects (96 females) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (age 15.9 ± 3.1, 37.4 ± 12.5° Cobb) have been classified according to 3-DEMO, SRS-Ponseti, King and Lenke classifications as well as according to sagittal configuration. For all patients we computed the values of the 3-DEMO parameters and the classical Cobb degrees measurements in the frontal and sagittal planes. Statistical analysis comprised Chi Square and Regression analysis, including a multivariate stepwise regression. RESULTS: Three of the four 3-DEMO parameters (Direction, Sagittal and Frontal Shift) correlated with SRS-Ponseti, King and sagittal configuration classifications, but not with Lenke's one. Feeble correlations have been found among numerical parameters, while the stepwise regression allowed us to develop almost satisfactory models to obtain 3-DEMO parameters from classical Cobb degrees measurements. DISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis of a possible clinical significance of the 3-DEMO classification, even if follow-up studies are needed to better understand these possible correlations and ultimately the classification usefulness. The most interesting 3D parameters appear to be Direction and mainly Phase, the latter being not at all correlated with currently existing classifications. Nevertheless, Shift cannot be easily appreciated on classical frontal and sagittal radiographs, even if it could presumably be calculated

Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders II: interclinician and intraclinician reliability and validity of the newly established standard rating scales and Japanese Orthopaedic Association rating scale

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the validity and inter- and intraclinician reliability of (1) the Japanese Society of Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) standard rating system for four sites [ankle- hindfoot (AH), midfoot (MF), hallux (HL), and lesser toe (LT)] and the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) foot and ankle scale and (2) the Japanese Orthopaedic Association’s foot rating scale (JOA scale).MethodsClinicians from the same institute independently evaluated participating patients from their institute by two evaluations at a 1- to 4-week interval. Statistical evaluation was as follows. (1) The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated from data collected from at least two examinations of each patient by at least two evaluating clinicians (Data A). (2) Total scores for the two evaluations were determined from the distribution of differences in data between the two evaluations (Data B); each item was evaluated by determining Cohen’s coefficient of agreement. (3) The relation between patient satisfaction and total score was investigated only for patients who underwent surgery (Data C). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was obtained.ResultsParticipants were 65 clinicians and 610 patients, including those with disorders of the AH (313), MF (47), HL (153), and LT (50) and those with RA (47). From Data A, the ICC was high for AH and HL by JSSF scales and for AH, MF, and LT by the JOA scale. From Data B, the coefficient showed high validity for both scales for AH, with almost no difference between the two scales; the validity for HL was higher with the JOA scale than with the JSSF scale. From Data C, correlations were significant between patient satisfaction and outcome for AH and HL by the JSSF scales and for AH, HL, and LT by the JOA scale.ConclusionsThe validity of both scales was high. Clinical evaluation of the therapeutic results using these scales would be highly reliable

Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders I: development of standard rating system

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to report the five scales comprising the rating system that the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) devised (JSSF standard rating system) and the newly offered interpretations and criteria for determinations of each assessment item.MethodsWe produced the new scales for the JSSF standard system by modifying the clinical rating systems established by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS scales) and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association’s foot rating scale (JOA scale). We also provided interpretations of each assessment item and the criteria of determinations in the new standard system.ResultsWe improved the ambiguous expressions and content in the conventional standard rating systems so they would be easily understood by Japanese people. The result was five scales in total. Four were designed for use specifically for ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux metatarsophalangeal- interphalangeal, and lesser metatarsophalangeal- ineterphalangeal sites; and the fifth was for the foot and ankle with rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, we described interpretations and criteria for determinations with regard to evaluation items in each scale.ConclusionsConventionally, the AOFAS scales or the JOA scale have been separately applied depending on the sites or disorders concerned, but it was often difficult to decide on scores during practical evaluations because of differing expressions in different languages and also because of ambiguity in the interpretation of each evaluation item and in scoring standards as well. JSSF improved these scales and added definite interpretations of evaluation items as well as criteria for the rating (to be reported here in part I). Because these steps were expected to improve the reliability of outcomes assessed by each scale, we examined the reliability in scores of the newly developed scales, which are reported in part II (in this issue)

Comparación de la Morfina Administrada por Vía Intravenosa y Vía Epidural con/sin Bupivacaína o Ropivacaína en el Tratamiento del Dolor Pos toracotomía con la Técnica de Analgesia Controlada por el Paciente

ResumenJustificativa y objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio aleatorio, doble ciego y prospectivo fue determinar la eficacia y los efectos colaterales de la administración por vía intravenosa o epidural de morfina, bupivacaína o ropivacaína en el tratamiento del dolor pos toracotomía.Métodos: Sesenta pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de toracotomía electiva fueron aleatoriamente ubicados en cuatro grupos con el uso de la técnica de sobres lacrados. Los grupos MIV, ME, MEB y MER recibieron morfina controlada por el paciente por vía intravenosa, epidural, morfina-bupivacaína y morfina-ropivacaína, respectivamente. La frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial y la saturación de oxígeno perioperatorias y el dolor postoperatorio en reposo y durante la tos, los efectos colaterales y la necesidad de analgésicos de rescate fueron registrados a los 30 y 60 minutos y las 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 horas.Resultados: La necesidad de sodio diclofenaco durante el estudio fue menor en el grupo ME. El área bajo la curva de tiempo en la VAS fue menor en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MIV, pero similar al Grupo MEB y MER. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores en los tiempos 12, 24, 36 y 48 horas en el Grupo MIV en comparación con el grupo ME. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores a los 30 y 60 minutos en los Grupos ME y MIV en comparación con el Grupo MEB. Las puntuaciones de dolor durante la tos a los 30 minutos fueron mayores en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MEB. No hubo diferencia entre los Grupos MIV y MER. Conclusiones: La morfina administrada por vía epidural fue más eficaz que por la vía intravenosa. La eficacia fue mayor en el grupo EM en el período postoperatorio tardío y en el Grupo MEB en el período postoperatorio inicial. Concluimos entonces que la morfina administrada por vía epidural fue la más eficaz y nuestra preferida

State of the art of current 3-D scoliosis classifications: a systematic review from a clinical perspective

Scoliosis is a complex three dimensional (3D) deformity: the current lack of a 3D classification could hide something fundamental for scoliosis prognosis and treatment. A clear picture of the actually existing 3D classifications lacks. The aim of this systematic review was to identify all the 3D classification systems proposed until now in the literature with the aim to identify similarities and differences mainly in a clinical perspective. After a MEDLINE Data Base review, done in November 2013 using the search terms "Scoliosis/classification" [Mesh] and "scoliosis/classification and Imaging, three dimensional" [Mesh], 8 papers were included with a total of 1164 scoliosis patients, 23 hyperkyphosis and 25 controls, aged between 8 and 20 years, with curves from 10\ub0 to 81\ub0 Cobb, and various curve patterns. Six studies looked at the whole 3D spine and found classificatory parameters according to planes, angles and rotations, including: Plane of Maximal Curvature (PMC), Best Fit Plane, Cobb angles in bodily plane and PMC, Axial rotation of the apical vertebra and of the PMC, and geometric 3D torsion. Two studies used the regional (spinal) Top View of the spine and found classificatory parameters according to its geometrical properties (area, direction and barycenter) including: Ratio of the frontal and the sagittal size, Phase, Directions (total, thoracic and lumbar), and Shift. It was possible to find similarities among 10 out of the 16 the sub-groups identified by different authors with different methods in different populations. In summation, the state of the art of 3D classification systems include 8 studies which showed some comparability, even though of low level. The most useful one in clinical everyday practice, is far from being defined. More than 20 years passed since the definition of the third dimension of the scoliosis deformity, now the time has come for clinicians and bioengineers to start some real clinical application, and develop means to make this approach an everyday tool

A specific scoliosis classification correlating with brace treatment: description and reliability

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Spinal classification systems for scoliosis which were developed to correlate with surgical treatment historically have been used in brace treatment as well. Previously, there had not been a scoliosis classification system developed specifically to correlate with brace design and treatment. The purpose of this study is to show the intra- and inter- observer reliability of a new scoliosis classification system correlating with brace treatment.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An original classification system ("Rigo Classification") was developed in order to define specific principles of correction required for efficacious brace design and fabrication. The classification includes radiological as well as clinical criteria. The radiological criteria are utilized to differentiate five basic types of curvatures including: (I) imbalanced thoracic (or three curves pattern), (II) true double (or four curve pattern), (III) balanced thoracic and false double (non 3 non 4), (IV) single lumbar and (V) single thoracolumbar. In addition to the radiological criteria, the Rigo Classification incorporates the curve pattern according to SRS terminology, the balance/imbalance at the transitional point, and L4-5 counter-tilting. To test the intra-and inter-observer reliability of the Rigo Classification, three observers (1 MD, 1 PT and 1 CPO) measured (and one of them, the MD, re-measured) 51 AP radiographs including all curvature types.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The intra-observer Kappa value was 0.87 (acceptance >0.70). The inter-observer Kappa values fluctuated from 0.61 to 0.81 with an average of 0.71 (acceptance > 0.70).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A specific scoliosis classification which correlates with brace treatment has been proposed with an acceptable intra-and inter-observer reliability.</p