54 research outputs found
Reconstruction of Family-Level Phylogenetic Relationships within Demospongiae (Porifera) Using Nuclear Encoded Housekeeping Genes
Background: Demosponges are challenging for phylogenetic systematics because of their plastic and relatively simple morphologies and many deep divergences between major clades. To improve understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Demospongiae, we sequenced and analyzed seven nuclear housekeeping genes involved in a variety of cellular functions from a diverse group of sponges.
Methodology/Principal Findings: We generated data from each of the four sponge classes (i.e., Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha), but focused on family-level relationships within demosponges. With data for 21 newly sampled families, our Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian-based approaches recovered previously phylogenetically defined taxa: Keratosap, Myxospongiaep, Spongillidap, Haploscleromorphap (the marine haplosclerids) and Democlaviap. We found conflicting results concerning the relationships of Keratosap and Myxospongiaep to the remaining demosponges, but our results strongly supported a clade of Haploscleromorphap+Spongillidap+Democlaviap. In contrast to hypotheses based on mitochondrial genome and ribosomal data, nuclear housekeeping gene data suggested that freshwater sponges (Spongillidap) are sister to Haploscleromorphap rather than part of Democlaviap. Within Keratosap, we found equivocal results as to the monophyly of Dictyoceratida. Within Myxospongiaep, Chondrosida and Verongida were monophyletic. A well supported clade within Democlaviap, Tetractinellidap, composed of all sampled members of Astrophorina and Spirophorina (including the only lithistid in our analysis), was consistently revealed as the sister group to all other members of Democlaviap. Within Tetractinellidap, we did not recover monophyletic Astrophorina or Spirophorina. Our results also reaffirmed the monophyly of order Poecilosclerida (excluding Desmacellidae and Raspailiidae), and polyphyly of Hadromerida and Halichondrida.
Conclusions/Significance: These results, using an independent nuclear gene set, confirmed many hypotheses based on ribosomal and/or mitochondrial genes, and they also identified clades with low statistical support or clades that conflicted with traditional morphological classification. Our results will serve as a basis for future exploration of these outstanding questions using more taxon- and gene-rich datasets
Appeals to evidence for the resolution of wicked problems: the origins and mechanisms of evidentiary bias
Wicked policy problems are often said to be characterized by their ‘intractability’, whereby appeals to evidence are unable to provide policy resolution. Advocates for ‘Evidence Based Policy’ (EBP) often lament these situations as representing the misuse of evidence for strategic ends, while critical policy studies authors counter that policy decisions are fundamentally about competing values, with the (blind) embrace of technical evidence depoliticizing political decisions. This paper aims to help resolve these conflicts and, in doing so, consider how to address this particular feature of problem wickedness. Specifically the paper delineates two forms of evidentiary bias that drive intractability, each of which is reflected by contrasting positions in the EBP debates: ‘technical bias’ - referring to invalid uses of evidence; and ‘issue bias’ - referring to how pieces of evidence direct policy agendas to particular concerns. Drawing on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology, the paper explores the ways in which competing interests and values manifest in these forms of bias, and shape evidence utilization through different mechanisms. The paper presents a conceptual framework reflecting on how the nature of policy problems in terms of their complexity, contestation, and polarization can help identify the potential origins and mechanisms of evidentiary bias leading to intractability in some wicked policy debates. The discussion reflects on whether being better informed about such mechanisms permit future work that may lead to strategies to mitigate or overcome such intractability in the future
Appeals to evidence for the resolution of wicked problems: the origins and mechanisms of evidentiary bias
The Origins of American Religious Nationalism. By Sam Haselby. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. x + 336 pp. $74.00 cloth.
Paradox Lost: Free Will and Political Liberty in American Culture, 1630–1760. By Jon Pahl. New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. xvi + 234 pp. $35.00.
The Queen Anne Churches: A Catalogue of the Papers in Lambeth Palace Library of the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches in London and Westminster, 1771–1759. Compiled by E. G. W. Bill, with an introduction by Howard Colvin. London: Mansell Publishing, 1979. xxiv + 255 pp. $48.50
An Introduction to World Methodism. By Kenneth Cracknell and Susan J. White. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. xiii + 283 pp. 24.99 paper.
Faith and Philanthropy in America: Exploring the Role of Religion in America's Voluntary Sector. By Robert Wuthnow, Virginia A. Hodgkinson and Associates. The Jossey-Bass Nonprofit Sector Series. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990. xxi + 327 pp.
A Biographical Dictionary of 18th Century Methodism. By Samuel J. Rogal. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1997–. Vol. 1: A—D, xxiv + 484 pp.; vol. 2: E—H, xxxiv + 518 pp.; vol. 3:1—L, xxxviii + 310 pp.; vol. 4: M—O, lv + 464 pp.; vol. 5: P—Q, xlviii + 350 pp. $109.95 each, cloth.
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