Gli Stati Uniti d'Africa: un sogno ancora da realizzare

GLI STATI UNITI D'AFRICA: UN SOGNO ANCORA DA REALIZZARE Dopo che la maggior parte degli Stati africani ebbe ottenuto l'indipendenza, emerse la consapevolezza della necessità di unirsi per raggiungere la piena emancipazione del continente, ma l'unità non era affatto scontata: la Guerra d'Algeria, la crisi congolese e la questione della Mauritania condussero alla nascita del «Blocco di Brazzaville», portatore di una prospettiva moderata e dell'idea di un'unione africana di tipo confederale, e al consolidamento del «Blocco di Casablanca», che riuniva gli Stati indipendenti più radicali, convinti della necessità di un'unione politica continentale. Nel 1963, mediando fra i due gruppi, nacque l'Organizzazione dell'Unione Africana (OUA), fondata sul rispetto della sovranità statale e sull'«imperioso bisogno» di porre fine al giogo coloniale. La fragilità del compromesso si mostrò nell'incapacità dell'OUA di coordinare le lotte di liberazione combattute nei territori portoghesi, in Rhodesia meridionale e, contro regime di apartheid, in Sud Africa ed in Africa del Sud Ovest. La mancanza di volontà politica e le insufficienti risorse compromisero anche le attività economiche. Gli Stati, più omogenei a livello locale, costituirono delle organizzazioni regionali, ma fu sotto l'impulso del Piano di Azione e dell'Atto Finale di Lagos del 1980 che il regionalismo divenne una vera e propria strategia di sviluppo economico e politico. Le comunità regionali economiche divennero i pilastri della Comunità Economica Africana, istituita nel 1991 con l'obiettivo di creare un mercato economico unico continentale. Il raggiungimento di tale fine si scontrò però con i perversi rapporti commerciali instaurati con la Comunità Economica Europea/Unione Europea. Le Convenzioni di Yaoundé e di Lomé, basate sul principio di non reciprocità, rilegarono i paesi africani al ruolo di produttori di materie prime, impedendo una loro reale modernizzazione. La successiva Convenzione di Cotonou pose le basi per gli Economic Partnership Agreements, accordi basati sul libero scambio. Il liberismo dovrebbe indurre il decollo dei paesi dell'Africa, ma invece porta a processi di deindustrializzazione, dovuti ad una concorrenza spietata, e ad un indebolimento dei commerci intercontinentali africani. Esso piuttosto amplia i mercati per i prodotti europei ed incrementa i profitti per il nord: l'Occidente perpetra la storia della sua supremazia, mascherando sotto un manto di virtù la sua volontà di dominio. L'OUA, per affrontare le sfide del nuovo millennio, nel 2000 mutò in Unità Africana, dotata di un potere più incisivo e di un meccanismo decisionale più democratico, alla cui base vi è il desiderio di «soluzioni africane ai problemi africani». La nuova organizzazione però non pone rimedio alla mancanza di volontà politica dei leader africani, che hanno mostrato ben poca consapevolezza dei propri doveri e delle proprie responsabilità, lasciando che guerre, come il conflitto in Somalia, il conflitto fra Sudan e Sud Sudan, e la recente crisi maliana, insanguinino il continente. Gli «Stati Uniti d'Africa» restano un sogno

Factors influencing return to work of cancer survivors: a population-based study in Italy

Little is known about return to work (RTW) of cancer survivors (CSs) in Central and Southern Europe. This study investigates the RTW rate of Italian CSs, describes their sick leave (SL) pattern, and explores factors affecting their RTW process. Methods A population-based cross-sectional survey involving CSs registered at the Cancer Registry of Reggio Emilia Province (Italy) was launched in July 2016. Eligibility was restricted to individuals with first diagnosis of cancer in 2012 (stages I–III), aged 20–59, and employed at the time of diagnosis. Results Of the 266 individuals interviewed, 140 (52.6%) were reintegrated without difficulty, 113 (42.5%) returned to work with some difficulty, and 13 did not RTW (4.9%). The majority of CSs (56%) took SL for some periods during treatment. Age > 50 years and higher income seemed to facilitate RTW (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.88 and RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.97, respectively), while being divorced acted as a barrier compared to being married (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.04–2.01). Individuals uncertain about the type of company they were working for reported greater difficulty in RTW (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.03–2.72). Individuals who had undergone chemotherapy and those perceiving physical limitations had a higher risk of difficulty in the RTW process (RR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.42–2.24 and RR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.25–2.02, respectively). Conclusions Most CSs did RTW, with 2/3 combining work and treatment. However, almost half reported difficulty in RTW process. Factors affecting this process should be addressed throughout context-specific social and healthcare pathways aimed at preventing difficulties and potential job loss in this population

Influence of Wave State and Sea Spray on the Roughness Length: Feedback on Medicanes

Occasionally, storms that share many features with tropical cyclones, including the presence of a quasi-circular “eye” a warm core and strong winds, are observed in the Mediterranean. Generally, they are known as Medicanes, or tropical-like cyclones (TLC). Due to the intense wind forcings and the consequent development of high wind waves, a large number of sea spray droplets—both from bubble bursting and spume tearing processes—are likely to be produced at the sea surface. In order to take into account this process, we implemented an additional Sea Spray Source Function (SSSF) in WRF-Chem, model version 3.6.1, using the GOCART (Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport) aerosol sectional module. Traditionally, air-sea momentum fluxes are computed through the classical Charnock relation that does not consider the wave-state and sea spray effects on the sea surface roughness explicitly. In order to take into account these forcing, we implemented a more recent parameterization of the sea surface aerodynamic roughness within the WRF surface layer model, which may be applicable to both moderate and high wind conditions. The implemented SSSF and sea surface roughness parameterization have been tested using an operative model sequence based on COAWST (Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport) and WRF-Chem. The third-generation wave model SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore), two-way coupled with the WRF atmospheric model in the COAWST framework, provided wave field parameters. Numerical simulations have been integrated with the WRF-Chem chemistry package, with the aim of calculating the sea spray generated by the waves and to include its effect in the Charnock roughness parametrization together with the sea state effect. A single case study is performed, considering the Medicane that affected south-eastern Italy on 26 September 2006. Since this Medicane is one of the most deeply analysed in literature, its investigation can easily shed some light on the feedbacks between sea spray and drag coefficients

La produzione di ceramica a Philosophiana (Sicilia centrale) nella media età bizantina: Metodi di indagine ed implicazioni economiche

Since 2009, through an international collaboration with Cambridge, Cornell and Messina Universities, the Philosophiana Project has investigated the Roman to medieval topographical, architectural, functional, economic and environmental transformations at the site of Sofiana in central Sicily, only 6 km as the crow flies from the Roman "Villa del Casale" of Piazza Armerina. By means of a global approach integrating field survey, open-area excavation, photogrammetry, archaeometry and bioarchaeology, the project shed light on settlement and economic patterns in a crucial area of the Mediterranean world: central Sicily, that served as the bread-basket of Rome in Late Antiquity, and of the Roman Church in the early Middle Ages. In 2010, some 40 m from the eastern side of the site of Sofiana, a field survey identified an 83th to 9th-century A.D. large craft-working district specialising in ceramic production. The site was covered by an extensive geomagnetic survey in 2011 and was subsequently tested by excavation in 2013. Despite the limited area investigated through excavation, this process enabled us to collect significant datasets that help us understand the precise chronology of the workshop, the technology of ceramic production and the wide range of ceramic repertoires manufactured at the first mid-Byzantine ceramic atelier ever excavated on the island. Combining the archaeological data with ancient pollen, faunal remains, ceramic thin-sections and organic residue analysis applied to a sample of jugs and small locally produced amphorae identified at domestic contexts excavated at the site of Sofiana, we are presenting here a preliminary reconstruction of the economic complexity of our site and the early medieval production strategies (both agricultural and artisanal) that determined the various forms of use of the local cultural landscape. The new picture which has emerged from this research suggests that some concepts, such as economic regression and simplification of the material culture, are inappropriate to describe mid-Byzantine Sicily