Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Comparacion Of Filter Elements In Obstruction Level In Drip Irrigation [comparação De Elementos Filtrantes No Grau De Obstrução Em Irrigação Por Gotejamento]

The research had as objective to show the variation of water quality and its influence in the head loss of two filtration systems (disc filter and non-woven synthetic fabrics) used in a dripper irrigation system. For a better comparison of the filters were used two water uniformity distribution index to estimate the obstructions of emitters and analyzed the main physical, chemical and biological parameters of the irrigation water causing problem of obstruction in drippers during of the period of one year.. The evaluation criterions of the impurities in the irrigation water were based on the studies of the trickle irrigation systems. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, EC, hardness, Langelier index, total iron, sulphites, algae and bacterium. The source of water used in this experiment was from an open reservoir, where it has been installed an experimental trickle irrigation system. The research was developed in four phases of 30 days each, in different seasons of year. The interpretation of the results showed that the chemical factors, which presented medium risk of clogging for the emitters, were pH and the concentration of iron and sulphites. The physical and biological analyzed parameters of water quality showed low risk of clogging in the drippers. In the filter of non-woven synthetic fabrics the evolution of head loss was sharper and faster than in the disc filter.333488500Almeida, O.A., Cruz das Almas: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura (2010) Qualidade da água de irrigação, , ://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/publicacoes/livro/livro_qualidade_agua.pdf, Disponível emAPHA., AMERICAN., PUBLIC., HEALTH., ASSOCIATION (1992) Standard methods for examination of water and, wastewate, pp. 9.32-19. , Washington: APHA : Heterotrophic plate countAPHA., AMERICAN., PUBLIC., HEALTH., ASSOCIATION (1985) Standard methods for the examination of water and, wastewater, pp. 1.268. , 16th., ed., Washington: APHAAWWA;, APCFASAE., AMERICAN., SOCIETY., OF., AGRICULTURAL., ENGINEERS (1996) Field evaluation of microirrigation systems, pp. 792-797Bralts, V.F., Kesner, C.D., Drip irrigation field uniformity estimation (1983) Transactions of the ASAE, 26 (5), pp. 1. 369-11. , St. JosephBusato, C.C.M., Soares, A., Desempenho de gotejadores, utilizando água de baixa qualidade química e biológica (2010) Bioscience Journal, 26 (5), pp. 739-746. , UberlândiaBusato, C.C.M., Soares, A.A., Ramos, M.M., Reis, E.F., Busato, C., Dicloroisocianurato na prevenção do entupimento devido ao uso de águas ferruginosas em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento (2012) Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 33 (1), pp. 49-56. , LondrinaFranco, R.A.M., Hernandez, F.B.T., Qualidade da água para irrigação na microbacia do Coqueiro, Estado de São Paulo (2009) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 5, pp. 382-385. , Campina GrandeMartins, C.C., Soares, A.A., Ramos, M.M., Reis, E.F., Aplicação de cloro orgânico no tratamento de tubogotejador utilizado na irrigação com água ferruginosa (2010) Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, Maringá, 32 (1), pp. 1-5Moura, R.S., Hernandez, F.B.T., Leite, M.A., Franco, R.A.M., Feitosa, D.G., Machado, L.F., Qualidade da água para uso em irrigação na microbacia do córrego do cinturão verde, município de Ilha Solteira (2010) In: WORKSHOP INTERNACIONAL DE INOVAÇÕES TECNOLÓGICAS NA IRRIGAÇÃO, , 3FortalezaMoura, R.S., Hernandez, F.B.T., Vanzela, L.S., Monitoramento da qualidade química da água para fins de irrigação no córrego Três Barras, Marinópolis - SP (2007) In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA, , 36. 2007Bonito. Resumos. . . Bonito: SBEA CD-ROMPaterniani, J.E.S., Scatolini, M.E., Eficiência de diferentes elementos filtrantes na prevenção de obstrução de gotejadores (2003) Irriga, Botucatu, 8, pp. 78-87Ribeiro, T.A.P., Paterniani, J.E.S., Microaspersores entupidos devido a problemas de ferro na água (2008) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 38 (5), pp. 1.456-11Ribeiro, T.A.P., Paterniani, J.E.S., Airoldi, R.P.S., Silva, M.J.M., Comparison of filtrating elements in the treatment of irrigation water (2008) Transactions of the ASAE, 51, pp. 441-453. , St. JosephRibeiro, T.A.P., Paterniani, J.E.S., Coletti, C., Chemical treatment to unclogg dripper irrigation systems due to biological problems (2008) Scientia Agrícola, Piracicaba, 65 (1), pp. 1-9Ribeiro, T.A.P., Paterniani, J.E.S., Silva, Airoldi, R.P.S., Silva, M.J.M., Variação dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água em um sistema de irrigação localizada (2005) Revista Brasileira Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Campina Grande, 9 (3), pp. 295-301Smajstrla, A.G., Harrison, D.S., Zazueta, F.S., Gainesville (1985) Field evaluation of trickle irrigation systems, , uniformity of water application (IFAS Bulletin, 195) University of FloridaSpellman, F.R., (2006) Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations, , 2nd ed Boca Raton: CRC PressTundisi, J.G., Tundisi, M.T., Abe, D.S., Rocha, O., Starling, F., Limnologia de águas interiores: impactos, conservação e recuperação de ecossistemas aquáticos (2006) Águas doces no Brasil, 7, pp. 203-240. , In: REBOUÇAS, A. C.BRAGA, B.TUNDISI, J. G. (Org. ) capital ecológico, uso e conservação. 3. ed. São Paulo: Escrituras Editora

Microsprinkler Clogged Due To Iron Problems In The Water [microaspersores Entupidos Devido A Problemas De Ferro Na água]

An important aspect to be considered in irrigation managment is the uniformity distribution of water through the irrigation system. This research had the objective to evaluate the efficiency of chlorination in the use of sodium hypochlorite in clearing of microsprinkler due to the presence of high iron concentration in water. The equipment with less than a year of use presenting sectors with 5% and 57% lower flow than the original project flow. The chemical treatment of water irrigation utilized sodium hypochlorite with 12% free chlorine on 100mg L-1 concentration, and sulphuric acid 98% to maintain the pH of water irrigation about 4.5. The result demonstrated a significant increase in the average flow of the microsprinkler's variation in all evaluted setors, and decrease in their flow variation related to the estimated in the project.38514561459BRALTS, F.V., KESNER, D.C., Drip irrigation field uniformity estimation (1983) Transactions of the American Society Agricultural Engineer, 26 (5), pp. 1369-1374CORDEIRO, E.A., (2002) Influência do tratamento de água ferruginosa no desempenho de sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pp. 92f. , Dissertação Mestrado em Irrigação, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de ViçosaLOPEZ, R.J., (1997) Riego localizado, , 2.ed. Madri: Mundi-Prensa, 405pNAKAYAMA, F.S., BUCKS, D.A., (1986) Trickle irrigation for crop production: Design, operation and management, , Amsterdam: Elsevier, 383pRAVINA, I., Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation with reclaimed wastewater (1992) Irrigation Science, 13, pp. 129-139VIEIRA, G.H.S., Recuperação de gotejadores obstruídos devido à utilização de águas ferruginosas. (2004) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 8 (1), pp. 1-

Processing Of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Different Equipments To Obtain Coagulant Solution [processamento De Sementes De Moringa Oleifera Utilizando-se Diferentes Equipamentos Para Obtenção De Solução Coagulante]

This work was condcted to assess four different equipments used in processing seeds of Moringa oleifera to produce a coagulant solution to be used in water treatment with the turbidity obtained synthetically. Six coagulant solutions with different types of processing were used in assays of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation in Jar-Test equipment. The dose of coagulant solution was 500 mg L-1 and the evaluated parameters were turbidity and apparent color. After 30 min of sedimentation, it was clear that the best processes to reduce turbidity and apparent color were the pestle and grinder, respectively, however, in both cases the sieving of the powder was essential in reducing the parameters in question. Using a blender and a mixer the reduction rates of turbidity and apparent color were the lowest. The grinding of the seeds during processing in the grinder and the pestle remove part of the oil present in them, which does not occur when using the blender and mixer, stating that e removal of oil present in the seeds result in a more efficient coagulant solution.166661666Agrawal, H., Shee, C., Sharma, A.K., Isolation of a 66 KDa protein with coagulation activity from seeds of Moringa oleifera (2007) Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, 2, pp. 36-39Amagloh, F.K., Benang, A., Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed as coagulant for water purification (2009) African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, pp. 119-123(2005) Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , APHA - American Public Health Association, 21 ed. New York: APHABorba, L.R., (2001) Viabilidade Do Uso Da Moringa Oleifera Lam No Tratamento Simplificado De Água Para Pequenas Comunidades, p. 96. , João Pessoa: UFPB, Dissertação MestradoDi Bernardo, L., Dantas, A.D.B., (2005) Métodos E Técnicas De Tratamento De Água, p. 792. , 2.ed. São Carlos: RiMaGallão, M.I., Damasceno, L.F., Brito, E.S., Avaliação química e estrutural da semente de Moringa (2006) Revista Ciência Agronômica, 37, pp. 106-109Ghebremichael, K.A., Gunaratn, K.R., Henriksson, H., Brumer, H., Dalhamman, G., A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed (2005) Water Research, 39, pp. 2338-2344Katayon, S., Noor, M.J.M.M., Asma, M., Ghani, L.A.A., Thamer, A.M., Azni, I., Ahmad, J., Suleyman, A.M., Effects of storage conditions of Moringa oleifera seeds n its performace in coagulation (2006) Bioresource Technology, 97, pp. 1455-1460Libânio, M., (2008) Fundamentos De Qualidade E Tratamento De Água, p. 444. , 2.ed. Campinas: Editora ÁtomoMadrona, G.S., Serpelloni, G.B., Vieira, A.M.S., Cardoso, K.C., Bergamasco, R., Study of the effect saline solution on the extraction of the Moringa oleifera seed's active component for water treatment (2010) Water Air Soil Pollution, 211, pp. 409-415Ndabigengesere, A., Narasiah, K.S., Quality of water treated by coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds (1998) Water Research, 32, pp. 781-791Ndabigengesere, A., Narasiah, K.S., Talbot, B.G., Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera (1995) Water Research, 29, pp. 703-710Okuda, T., Baes, A.U., Nishijima, W., Okada, M., Improvement of extraction method of coagulation active components from Moringa oleifera seed (1999) Water Research, 33, pp. 3373-3378Okuda, T., Baes, A.U., Nishijima, W., Okada, M., Isolation and characterization of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed by salt solution (2001) Water Research, 35, pp. 405-410Paterniani, J.E.S., Mantovani, M.C., Sant'anna, M.R., Uso de sementes de Moringa oleifera para tratamento de agues superficiais (2009) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 13, pp. 765-771Paterniani, J.E.S., Ribeiro, T.A.P., Mantovani, M.C., Sant'anna, M.R., Water treatment by sedimentation andslow fabric filtration using Moringa oleifera seeds (2010) African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5, pp. 1256-1263Silva, F.J.A., Mattos, J.E.X., Sobre dispersões de moringa oleifera para tratamento de água (2008) Revista De Tecnologia, 29, pp. 157-16

Use Of Natural Coagulants Based On Moringa Oleifera And Tannin As Filter Aids For Non-woven Synthetics Fabrics [uso De Coagulantes Naturais à Base De Moringa Oleifera E Tanino Como Auxiliares Da Filtração Em Geotêxtil Sintético Não Tecido]

Natural coagulants such as Moringa oleifera and tannin can be used in water treatment systems aiming to remove turbidity. Raw water with turbidity range from 101 to 110 NTU was simulated in laboratory tests, and treated using M. oleifera and tannin as coagulants. Coagulated and flocculated water was filtered directly through non-woven synthetics fabrics. Different methods of coagulating solution preparation were evaluated based on M. oleifera. Both coagulant behavior were also compared with respect to turbidity removal and their influence on treated water pH alteration. Comparison results for the two coagulants showed that tannin (Tanfloc SG), since it was an industrialized standardized product, presented a more stable behavior throughout filtration as compared to M. oleifera. Although variations in turbidity occurred during filtration with M. oleifera, there was a considerable reduction in this parameter, which remained below 5 NTU in all trials. Therefore, M. oleifera is feasible when considering turbidity reduction.344780788Ali, E.N., Muyibi, S.A., Salleh, H.M., Alam, M.Z., Salleh, M.R.M., Production of natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera seed for application in treatment of low turbidity water (2010) Journal Water Resource and Protection, 2, pp. 259-266. , Irvine(2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, , 21th ed. WashingtonArantes, C.C., Ribeiro, T.A.P., Paterniani, J.E.S., Processamento de sementes de Moringa oleifera utilizando-se diferentes equipamentos para obtenção de solução coagulante (2012) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 16 (6), pp. 661-666. , Campina GrandeBeltrán-Heredia, J., Sánchez-Martín, J., Improvement of water treatment pilot plant with Moringa oleifera extract as flocculant agent (2009) Environmental Technology, 30 (6), pp. 525-534. , http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09593330902831176, London, maio. Acesso em: 12 dez 2011Beltrán-Heredia, J., Sánchez-Martín, J., Dávila-Acedo, M.A., Optimization of the synthesis of a new coagulant from a tannin extract (2011) Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186, pp. 1704-1712. , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237560, Amsterdam. Acesso em: 20 nov 2013Franco, M., Silva, G.K., Paterniani, J.E.S., Water treatment by multistage filtration system with natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera seeds (2012) Engenharia Agrícola, 32 (5), pp. 989-997. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-69162012000500018&script=sci_arttext, Jaboticabal, set./out. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2013Graham, N., Gang, F., Fowler, G., Watts, M., Characterisation and coagulation performace of tannin-based cationic polymer: A preliminary assessment (2008) Colloids and Surface. A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 327 (1), pp. 9-16. , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775708003750, Amsterdam. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2011(2011) Censo demográfico 2010-Características da população e dos domicílios - Resultados do universo, p. 270. , Rio de JaneiroMatos, A.T., Cabanellas, C.F.G., Cecon, P.R., Brasil, M.S., Mudado, C.S., Efeito da concentração de coagulantes e do pH da solução na turbidez da água, em recirculação, utilizada no processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (2007) Engenharia Agrícola, 27 (2), pp. 544-551. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162007000300025, Jaboticabal, maio/ago. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2013Ndabigengesere, A., Narasiah, K.S., Influence of parameters on turbitidy removal by coagulation with Moringa oleifera seeds (1996) Environmental Technology, 7 (10), pp. 1103-1112. , LondonPaterniani, J.E.S., Ribeiro, T.A.P., Mantovani, M.C., Sant'Anna, M.R., Water treatment by sedimentation and slow fabric filtration using Moringa oleifera seeds (2010) African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (11), pp. 1256-1263Poumaye, N., Mabingui, J., Lutgen, P., Bigan, M., Contribution to the clarification of surface water from the Moringa oleifera: Case M'Poko River to Bangui, Central African Republic (2012) Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 90, pp. 2346-2352. , ElmsfordPritchard, M., Craven, T., Mkandawire, T., Edmondson, A.S., O'Neill, J.G., A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in drinking water purification (2010) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35 (13-14), pp. 791-797. , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470651000149X, Oxford. Acesso em: 18 set 2011Sánchez-Martín, J., González-Velasco, M., Beltrán-Heredia, J., Acacia mearnsii de wild tannin-based flocculant in surface water treatment (2009) Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 29 (2), pp. 119-135. , http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02773810902796146, Beijing. Acesso em: 10 jan 2012Silva, F.J.A., Matos, J.E.X., Sobre dispersões de Moringa oleifera para tratamento de água (2008) Revista Tecnologia, 29, pp. 157-163. , Fortaleza(2011) Catálogo - TANFLOC SG, , http://www.tanac.com.br/PT/upload/produtos/CT_TANFLOC_SG_PT.pdf, Acesso em: 30 nov 2011Vieira, A.M.S., Vieira, M.F., Silva, G.F., Araújo, A.A., Fagundes-Klen, M.R., Veit, M.T., Bergamasco, R., Use of Moringa oleifera seed as natural adsorbent for wastewater treatment (2010) Water Airf Soil Pollution, 206, pp. 273-281. , http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-009-0104-y, Dordrecht. Acesso em: 21 nov. 201

Performance of non woven synthetic fabric and disc filters for fertirrigation water treatment Desempenho dos filtros de mantas não tecidas e de disco no tratamento de água para fertirrigação

Obstruction of emitters caused by the presence of solid particles in the water raises the cost and maintenance of trickle irrigation systems, and might compromise their utilization. This research was performed through test fields, with the objective of evaluating the performance of a disc filter (130 microns) and a non woven synthetic fabric filter on the removal of physical, chemical and biological impurities from the irrigation water, which may cause emitter obstruction during fertirrigation processes. The evaluation criteria of the impurities present in the irrigation water, were based on studies performed on trickle irrigation systems. Specifically, physical, chemical and biological parameters analyzed in the inflow and outflow water from both filters were: pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, salinity, total iron, sulphites, manganese, algae and bacteria. Results pointed to chemical factors, which presented medium clogging risks to the emitters; those factors were: pH, total iron and sulphite concentration. All the other parameters of water quality did not present clogging risks. A comparative analysis of head loss evolution, according to the filtered volume, was also atempted Non woven synthetic fabric filter presented a higher evolution when compared to the disc filter.<br>Um dos fatores que elevam os custos de operação e manutenção dos sistemas de irrigação localizada e, em certos casos, inviabiliza a utilização desse método, é a obstrução de emissores pela presença de partículas sólidas na água de irrigação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal estimar, através de ensaios experimentais de campo, o desempenho de um filtro de disco (130 microns) com outro de manta sintética não tecida na remoção de impurezas de origens físicas, químicas e biológicas presentes na água de irrigação que promovem o entupimento dos emissores, quando se utiliza a fertirrigação. Os critérios para avaliação das impurezas presentes na água de irrigação foram baseados nos estudos realizados em sistemas de irrigação localizada. Especificamente foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos da água afluente e efluente dos filtros: pH, turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, salinidade, ferro total, sulfetos, manganês, algas e bactérias. Os fatores químicos que apresentaram médio risco de obstrução aos emissores foram pH, concentração de ferro total e sulfetos. Todos os demais parâmetros de qualidade de água analisados resultaram em valores que não apresentam risco de entupimento aos gotejadores. Procurou-se também fazer o acompanhamento da evolução da perda de carga em função do volume filtrado para os filtros, para realizar uma análise comparativa. No filtro de manta sintética não tecida, a evolução da perda de carga foi mais acentuada e mais rápida em relação ao de disco, por causa da sua maior eficiência na remoção de algas e bactérias

Chemical treatment to unclogg dripper irrigation systems due to biological problems Desentupimento de um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento devido a problema de origem biológica

Many producers use drippers for trickle irrigation systems for flower production in the field and in protected environments. A frequent problem in this type of irrigation system is the clogging of drippers, which is directly related to water quality and filtering system efficiency. The objective of this study was to conduct an experimental investigation to evaluate the efficiency of using nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite to unclogg drippers due to the use of water with high algae content. The evaluation was conducted in six, 4216 m² greenhouses, each with two sectors comprised of ten spaces or lines, totaling 12 sectors of a dripper irrigation system in a rose producing property of Holambra, State of SP, Brazil. Chemical and physical analyses and the bacteriological count in water were carried out in the three water sources that supply the irrigation system to check the factors causing the clogging. Evaluations were carried out on water distribution uniformity in all sectors before and after chemical treatment in order to evaluate efficiency. The treatment improved water distribution uniformity and a lead to a reduction in the coefficient of variation (CV) for dripper flow in all sectors. There was a good correlation between CV and the water distribution uniformity index. Therefore, this is an excellent method to be used to unclogg drippers due to biological problems.<br>Muitos produtores usam gotejadores para irrigação localizada em produção de flores no campo e em ambientes protegidos. Um problema freqüente neste tipo de irrigação é o entupimento dos gotejadores, que está diretamente relacionado à qualidade da água e à deficiência de filtração do sistema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer uma investigação experimental para avaliar a eficiência da utilização de ácido nítrico e de hipoclorito de sódio na desobstrução de gotejadores entupidos, devido à utilização de águas com elevado teor de matéria de origem biológica. A avaliação foi realizada em seis estufas de 4216 m², sendo que cada estufa tem dois setores, composto de dez vãos ou linhas em cada setor, totalizando 12 setores de um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, em propriedade produtora de rosas (Rosa sp.), sob estufa plástica, no município de Holambra, SP. Análises química, física e de contagem bacteriológica da água foram realizadas nas três fontes hídricas que abasteciam o sistema de irrigação, para verificar quais os fatores que estavam causando risco de entupimento. Foram feitas avaliações da uniformidade de distribuição de água em todos os setores antes e depois do tratamento químico com o intuito de avaliar a sua eficiência. Ocorreu melhora na uniformidade de distribuição de água e diminuição no coeficiente de variação de vazão (CV) dos gotejadores em todos os setores. Houve boa correlação entre o CV e o índice de uniformidade adotado nesta pesquisa. Portanto este é um excelente método para ser utilizado na desobstrução de gotejadores entupimentos devido a problemas de origem biológica