Composição, estrutura e similaridade florística da Floresta Atlântica, na Serra Negra, Rio Preto - MG

Serra Negra is a region surrounded by some stretches of mountain, covered by Atlantic Forests and cloud scrubs, located in the southern part of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, in Serra da Mantiqueira, between the rises of the massif of Itatiaia (RJ, SP e MG) and the Serra do Ibitipoca (MG). The aim of this study was to determine the composition, structure and floristic similarity of arboreal flora among three forest types of Atlantic Forest (Alluvial, Montane and Cloud Forest) and also the similarity with other studies. A total of 2,572 individuals was sampled, from 194 species, 59 families and 118 genera. The highest number of species was recorded in the families Myrtaceae (30 morphospecies), Lauraceae (20), Melastomataceae (17) and Fabaceae (13). The three vegetation types associated with different environmental conditions differ in their composition and structure. The alluvial proved with low diversity and stature and high ecological dominance. The cloud forest stood out for its typical elements of altitude over other common species in the area below the range, where diversity was higher. The tree flora of Sierra Negra presents various indicator species to characteristic distribution of highlands of southeastern Brazil.A Serra Negra, no município de Rio Preto (MG), estende-se por uma região com fisionomias florestais serranas da Mantiqueira e campos altimontanos, entre as elevações do maciço do Itatiaia (RJ, SP e MG) e da Serra do Ibitipoca (MG). Com o objetivo de investigar o comportamento das variáveis comunitárias da flora arbórea em condições diferentes de altitude e alagamento, determinou-se a composição florística, estrutura e similaridade entre três fragmentos de floresta (aluvial, montana e nebular) e a suas relações florísticas com estudos da região. Foram amostrados 2.572 indivíduos, identificados em 194 espécies, distribuídas em 59 famílias e 118 gêneros. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Myrtaceae (30 espécies), Lauraceae (20), Melastomataceae (17) e Fabaceae (13). Os três tipos de vegetação estudados, associados a diferentes condições ambientais, diferem entre si em sua composição e estrutura. A floresta aluvial revelou-se com reduzida diversidade, baixa estatura e alta dominância ecológica. A floresta nebular destacou-se por apresentar elementos típicos de altitude em detrimento de espécies freqüentes na região abaixo da escarpa da serra, onde a diversidade foi maior. A flora arbórea da Serra Negra, formada pelo conjunto das áreas estudadas, apresenta um conjunto considerável de elementos com distribuição característica de ambientes montanhosos do Sudeste do Brasil

Orchidaceae das Serras Negra e do Funil, Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, e similaridade florística entre formações campestres e florestais do Brasil

Neste estudo, foi realizado o levantamento das Orchidaceae das Serras Negra e do Funil (SN/SF), Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, e uma análise da similaridade florística dessa família entre 29 áreas campestres e florestais do Brasil. Para tal análise, utilizou-se o algoritmo UPGMA, coeficiente de SØrensen, e 5.000 replicações de bootstrap. A análise de agrupamento revelou baixos índices de similaridade, exceto para os grupos Serra Negra + Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca e Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso + Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins. Os resultados sugerem que a região das SN/SF represente um corredor florístico entre localidades na Serra da Mantiqueira (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia) e Serra do Mar (Reserva Biológica de Macaé de Cima). Foi observado o agrupamento de áreas com semelhanças ambientais e as regiões de campos rupestres se destacaram em termos de particularidades florísticas. O teste de Mantel revelou que a similaridade florística não está correlacionada à distância geográfica entre as áreas.This study presents a survey of the Orchidaceae from Serra Negra and Serra do Funil (SN/SF), 'Zona da Mata', Minas Gerais state, and analyzes the floristic similarity of this family among 29 grassland and forest sites in Brazil. Cluster analysis used the UPGMA algorithm, SØrensen coefficient, and bootstrap analyses with 5,000 replications. The cluster analyses revealed low similarity indices; exceptions are the clusters composed of Serra Negra + Ibitipoca State Park and Ilha do Cardoso State Park + Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station. The results suggest that SN/SF represents a floristic corridor between sites in Serra da Mantiqueira (Itatiaia National Park) and Serra do Mar (Macaé de Cima Biological Reserve). Groups of areas with similar environmental conditions were observed and the "campos rupestres" regions stood out because of their singular floristic composition. The Mantel test revealed that floristic similarity is not associated with geographic distance between the areas

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved