Cardiovascular effects of constant rate infusions of lidocaine, lidocaine and dexmedetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in dogs anesthetized at equipotent doses of sevoflurane

This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine, lidocaine and dexmedetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane at equipotent doses. Treatments consisted of T1-Lidocaine [loading dose 2 mg/kg body weight (BW), IV, and CRI of 100 g/kg BW per min] at 1.4% end-tidal of sevoflurane (FESEV); T2-Dexmedetomidine (loading dose 2 g/kg BW, IV, and CRI of 2 g/kg BW per hour) and FESEV 1.1%; and T3-Lidocaine-Dexmedetomidine using the same doses of T1 and T2 and FESEV 0.8%. Constant rate infusion of lidocaine did not induce any cardiovascular changes; lidocaine and dexmedetomidine resulted in cardiovascular effects similar to dexmedetomidine alone. These effects were characterized by a significant (P 0.001) decrease in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and pulmonary vascular resistance index, and a significant (P 0.001) increase in mean and diastolic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and oxygen extraction ratio, compared with baseline values. In conclusion, a CRI of lidocaine combined with dexmedetomidine produces significant cardiovascular changes similar to those observed with dexmedetomidine alone

Effects of Jejunal Manipulation During Surgical Laparotomy Techniques and Its Evaluation Using Physical, Clinical, and Echographic Parameters in Horses

The laparotomy surgical procedure allows for the identification and correction of intestinal lesions associated with acute abdomen in horses. The clinician relies on various laparotomy techniques to diagnose and treat this syndrome, and to date, the postsurgical effects of these techniques have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of jejunal manipulation during three laparotomy techniques through physical and clinical parameters and echography. Fifteen healthy horses were randomly assigned to three groups: animals in G1 (n 1⁄4 5) were subjected to an exploratory laparotomy, animals in G2 (n 1⁄4 5) to a laparotomy with an enterotomy, and animals in G3 (n 1⁄4 5) to a laparotomy with an enterectomy. Degree of pain, jejunal wall thickness, and clinical parameters were evaluated before and after surgery. Horses in G3 had higher heart rates, respiratory frequency, degree of pain, and je- junal wall thickness compared with G1. Clinical variables during the postsurgical period were compared among the laparotomy techniques, and higher values of erythrocytes, leucocytes, neutrophils, and proteins were found in horses belonging to G3 compared to those in G1. Intestinal manipulation during the surgical procedure altered the physical and clinical pa- rameters, as well as the results of the echography evaluation, with more significant effects from laparotomy with enterectomy. In the postsurgical period, the heart rate of horses in G3 was higher (P 1⁄4 .02) than the values obtained in G1 and G2. Upon the evaluation of degree of pain, statistically significant differences (P 1⁄4 .04) were identified between horses in G1 versus G3. G3 animals presented a higher degree of pain. Regarding the erythrocytes (L/L), higher values were measured in G3 (P 1⁄4 .001) in comparison with G1 and G2. These results suggest that meticulous tissue handling is essential to minimize intestinal trauma and inflammation

CB2 receptors in neurons of the central nervous system

The endocannabinoid system is formed by endogenous ligands, biosynthetic enzymes and two classical receptors: CB1 and CB2. From a classical point of view, CB1 receptors are the “central cannabinoid receptors” expressed in neurons, whose function is the regulation of neurotransmitter release. On the other hand, CB2 receptors are considered the “peripheral cannabinoid receptors”, expressed in peripheral tissues. However, this classical view has changed over the years; new endogenous ligands, receptors isoform variants, new cellular locations such as mitochondria and new putative receptors GPR119 and GPR55 have been described. Thus, evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is more complex than once thought. In this regard, over the years, CB2R were found in glial cells where they modulate immune response; moreover, with the development of more selective ligands, antibodies and the characterization of their genes, the expression of CB2R in central neurons became evident. Thus, several questions arise concerning these findings. What is the function of these receptors in neurons? Do they also control the release of neurotransmitters and others? Here we review the state of the art for these findings and the possible future direction of this new line of research that contributes to understanding the complexity of the endocannabinoid system.El sistema endocanabinoide está formado por sus ligandos endógenos, enzimas biosintéticas y dos receptores clásicos denominados CB1 y CB2. Clásicamente el RCB1 es el “receptor canabinoide central” expresado en neuronas, que regula la liberación de neurotransmisores en la plasticidad sináptica. Por otro lado, el RCB2 es el “receptor canabinoide periférico” expresado en el sistema inmune. Sin embargo, esta visión clásica ha cambiado con los años; nuevos ligandos endógenos, isoformas de los receptores, nuevas localizaciones celulares como la mitocondria, y nuevos receptores putativos: GPR119 y GPR55 han sido propuestos. Así, el sistema endocanabinoide es más complejo de lo que se pensaba. Al paso del tiempo, los RCB2 se encontraron en las células gliales donde modulan la respuesta en casos de insulto, más todavía con el desarrollo de ligandos más selectivos, anticuerpos y caracterización de sus genes, la expresión de RCB2 en neuronas centrales se hizo evidente. Así, diversas preguntas surgieron de estos hallazgos. ¿Cuál es la función de estos receptores en las neuronas? ¿Controlan la liberación de neurotransmisores? Y otras más. En esta revisión mostramos el estado del arte de estos hallazgos y la dirección futura de esta línea de investigación que contribuirá a entender la complejidad del sistema endocanabinoide.Sociedad Argentina de Fisiologí

Clinical use of the parasympathetic tone activity index as a measurement of postoperative analgaesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

El articulo ya esta aceptado y sale publicado en el volumen de marzo que es el primero de este año 2021. Adjunto link http://jvetres.piwet.pulawy.pl/index.php/archive-pdf-a-abstractsAbstract Introduction: While the current tools to assess canine postoperative pain using physiological and behavioural parameters are reliable, an objective method such as the parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) index could improve postoperative care. The aim of the study was to determine the utility of the PTA index in assessing postoperative analgaesia. Material and Methods: Thirty healthy bitches of different breeds were randomly allocated into three groups for analgaesic treatment: the paracetamol group (GPARAC, n = 10) received 15 mg/kg b.w., the carprofen group (GCARP, n = 10) 4 mg/kg b.w., and the meloxicam group (GMELOX, n = 10) 0.2 mg/kg b.w. for 48 h after surgery. GPARAC was medicated orally every 8 h, while GCARP and GMELOX were medicated intravenously every 24 h. The PTA index was used to measure the analgaesia–nociception balance 1 h before surgery (baseline), and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 h after, at which times evaluation on the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) was made. Results: The baseline PTA index was 65 ± 8 for GPARAC, 65 ± 7 for GCARP, and 62 ± 5 for GMELOX. Postoperatively, it was 65 ± 9 for GPARAC, 63 ± 8 for GCARP, and 65 ± 8 for GMELOX. No statistically significant difference existed between baseline values or between values directly after treatments (P = 0.99 and P = 0.97, respectively). The PTA index showed a sensitivity of 40%, specificity of 98.46% and a negative predictive value of 99.07%. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the PTA index measures comfort and postoperative analgaesia objectively, since it showed a clinical relationship with the UMPS

Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta in the New Zealand Rabbit: Ten Different Patterns

ArticuloThe abdominal aorta of the rabbit has been in the focus of research to develop new platforms of training diagnostic and therapeutic protocols; and for testing endovascular devices and materials, however, few descriptions of the anatomy of the abdominal aorta and its emerging visceral branches has been reported on the scientific literature for this specie. Anatomical variations are common and should have in mind during research and clinical trials. The aim of this study was to describe the different patterns that can occur in the visceral branches arising from the abdominal aorta in the rabbit

Guidance on noncorticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory therapy in noninfectious uveitis: fundamentals of care for uveitis (focus) initiative

Topic: An international, expert-led consensus initiative to develop systematic, evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of noninfectious uveitis in the era of biologics. Clinical Relevance: The availability of biologic agents for the treatment of human eye disease has altered practice patterns for the management of noninfectious uveitis. Current guidelines are insufficient to assure optimal use of noncorticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory agents. Methods: An international expert steering committee comprising 9 uveitis specialists (including both ophthalmologists and rheumatologists) identified clinical questions and, together with 6 bibliographic fellows trained in uveitis, conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol systematic reviewof the literature (English language studies from January 1996 through June 2016; Medline [OVID], the Central Cochrane library, EMBASE,CINAHL,SCOPUS,BIOSIS, andWeb of Science). Publications included randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective studies with sufficient follow-up, case series with 15 cases or more, peer-reviewed articles, and hand-searched conference abstracts from key conferences. The proposed statements were circulated among 130 international uveitis experts for review.Atotal of 44 globally representativegroupmembersmet in late 2016 to refine these guidelines using a modified Delphi technique and assigned Oxford levels of evidence. Results: In total, 10 questions were addressed resulting in 21 evidence-based guidance statements covering the following topics: when to start noncorticosteroid immunomodulatory therapy, including both biologic and nonbiologic agents; what data to collect before treatment; when to modify or withdraw treatment; how to select agents based on individual efficacy and safety profiles; and evidence in specific uveitic conditions. Shared decision-making, communication among providers and safety monitoring also were addressed as part of the recommendations. Pharmacoeconomic considerations were not addressed. Conclusions: Consensus guidelines were developed based on published literature, expert opinion, and practical experience to bridge the gap between clinical needs and medical evidence to support the treatment of patients with noninfectious uveitis with noncorticosteroid immunomodulatory agents

Presynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Modulate [3H]GABA Release at StriatoPallidal Terminals via Activation of PLC ? IP3 ? Calcineurin and Inhibition of AC ? cAMP ? PKA Signaling Cascades

Documento de investigación que reporte la actividad del receptor D2, en la vía estriado-palidal.bstract—Striatal dopamine D2 receptors activate the PLC ? IP3 ? Calcineurin-signaling pathway to modulate the neural excitability of En+ Medium-sized Spiny GABAergic neurons (MSN) through the regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Presynaptic dopaminergic D2 receptors modulate GABA release at striatopallidal terminals through L-type Ca2+ channels as well, but their signaling pathway is still undetermined. Since D2 receptors are Gi/o-coupled and negatively modulate adenylyl cyclase (AC), we investigated whether presynaptic D2 recep- tors modulate GABA release through the same signaling cascade that controls excitability in the striatum or by the inhibition of AC and decreased PKA activity. Activation of D2 receptors stimulated formation of [3H]IP1 and decreased Forskolin-stimulated [3H]cAMP accumulation in synaptosomes from rat Globus Pallidus. D2 receptor activation with Quinpirole in the presence of L 745,870 decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, K+-induced [3H] GABA release in pallidal slices. The effect was prevented by the pharmacological blockade of Gi/o bc subunit effects with Gallein, PLC with U 73122, IP3 receptor activation with 4-APB, Calcineurin with FK506. In addition, when release was stimulated with Forskolin to activate AC, D2 receptors also decreased K+-induced [3H]GABA release, an effect occluded with the effect of the blockade of PKA with H89 or stimulation of release with the cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP. These data indicate that D2 receptors modulate [3H]GABA release at striatopallidal terminals by activating the PLC ? IP3 ? Calcineurin-signaling cascade, the same one that modulates excitability in soma. Additionally, D2 receptors inhibit release when AC is active. Both mechanisms appear to converge to regulate the activity of presynaptic L-type Ca2+ channels. ! 2018 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects over pharmacokinetic , pharmacodynamic and behavioral parameters in horses sedated with detomidine

EFECTOS FARMACOLÓGICOS EN CABALLOS BAJO ANESTESIAThe aim of this study was to review the safety of the detomidine (DET) in horses and the effects of yohimbine (YOH) over pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioral parameters in horses sedated with DET. A literature search was made on PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, United States National Library, Bethesda, MD) and SCOPUS (Elsevier Research Intelligence) for studies that had evaluated the effects of DET or YOH on clinics pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters in horses plus experimental studies with the effect of YOH on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and behavioral parameters in horses sedated with DET. Additionally, information was obtained from studies where DET or YOH was administered alone or in their combination in treatment of horses. Three investigations described the pharmacokinetics or physiologic effects of YOH when administered after DET to reverse the behavioral and physiologic effects of DET. The studies with DET showed that it was more absorbed when administered intramuscular than when administered sublingual. In those studies, they noted important implications, both from therapeutics and regulatory prospective. They demonstrated intravenously administered DET is effective in sedation with effects on cardiovascular effectsUAE

Study of the progression of chronic kidney disease in dogs (Research advances)

Perini-Perera S, Pérez-Sánchez AP, Del-Angel-Caraza J, Quijano-Hernández IA, Recillas Morales S. Estudio de la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en perros -Avances de investigación (Abs.)- Memorias del v Seminario Internacional y VI Nacional de Investigadores en Salud y producción Animal SENISPA 2018 Tunja, Colombia. Revista Conexión Agropecuaria JDC 2018;8(2):132-133La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es una patología frecuente en perros, definida como la alteración progresiva e irreversible de la función y/o estructura renal, presente por más de tres meses. Realizar el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad de forma temprana es de gran importancia, ya que aumentará las posibilidades terapéuticas, mejorando el pronóstico y calidad de vida del paciente. Para lograr este fin, la Sociedad Internacional de Interés Renal † (IRIS por sus siglas en ingles), ha propuesto un abordaje diagnóstico basado en la detección de factores de riesgo, estudios de laboratorio y manejo médico de los factores de progresión. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la evolución de la ERC en perros, con el control de los factores de progresión. La población de estudio se compone de perros con factores de riesgo para desarrollar la ERC, a los cuales se les realiza un panel diagnóstico de laboratorio completo y medición de la presión arterial sistémica. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de ERC son estadificados según los criterios IRIS y se instaura el manejo terapéutico necesario para lograr el control de los factores de progresión (proteinuria, hipertensión y enfermedades concurrentes), realizándose posteriormente las reevaluaciones correspondientes. Actualmente se cuenta con seguimiento de 27 pacientes, 16 de ellos fueron estadificados en estadio I, tres en estadio II, cuatro en estadio III y cuatro en estadio IV. 22 de los pacientes se mantuvieron estables en su estadio de ERC incial, 13 en estadio I, dos en estadio II y tres pacientes en estadio III y cuatro en estadio IV. En cinco pacientes se observó progresión de la enfermedad, tres avanzaron del estadio I al II, uno del estadio II al III y uno del III al IV. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron durante el periodo de evaluación a causa de ERC en estadio IV. Otros 10 pacientes fallecieron durante el estudio, pero sus muertes se asociaron a las patologías concurrentes que presentaban. Con base a estos resultados parciales, se puede concluir que el diagnóstico temprano y el control de factores de progresión favorecen la estabilización de la ERC y hacen lenta su progresión. Palabras clave: Enfermedad renal crónica, proteinuria, hipertensión, factores de riesgo, perros. † http://www.iris-kidney.co

Effect of Acetaminophen Alone and in Combination with Morphine and Tramadol on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Rats.

BackgroundIt has been observed that acetaminophen potentiates the analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol in postoperative pain management. Its capacity as an analgesic drug or in combinations thereof to reduce the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational anesthetics represents an objective measure of this effect during general anesthesia. In this study, the effect of acetaminophen with and without morphine or tramadol was evaluated on the isoflurane MAC.MethodsForty-eight male Wistar rats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. MACISO was determined from alveolar gas samples at the time of tail clamping without the drug, after administering acetaminophen (300 mg/kg), morphine (3 mg/kg), tramadol (10 mg/kg), acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) + morphine (3 mg/kg), and acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) + tramadol (10 mg/kg).ResultsThe control and acetaminophen groups did not present statistically significant differences (p = 0.98). The values determined for MACISO after treatment with acetaminophen + morphine, acetaminophen + tramadol, morphine, and tramadol were 0.98% ± 0.04%, 0.99% ± 0.009%, 0.97% ± 0.02%, and 0.99% ± 0.01%, respectively.ConclusionsThe administration of acetaminophen did not reduce the MAC of isoflurane and did not potentiate the reduction in MACISO by morphine and tramadol in rats, and therefore does not present a sparing effect of morphine or tramadol in rats anesthetized with isoflurane