Effects of Water Intake on Biochemical Parameters and Performance During Resistance Exercise

The study aims to determine whether water intake during resistance training impacts the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and to identify the effects of the reactions of these minerals on performance. Ten male university students aged between 20 and 23 participated in the study. The participants did five different previously-determined resistance exercises (3 sets of 8RM). During the training program, the participants did the resistance exercises by not consuming water in the first week and consuming water in the second week. (Pre-exercise and exercise days routine food and fluid intake was maintained, fluid intake restriction was applied only during exercise) The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, systolic and diastolic pressure, lactate, Borg scale ratings, and K+, Na+, Mg, and Ca were determined before and after the exercises. Training volume was recorded. Performing the exercises without water intake produced a significant increase in K+. During the exercises done with water intake, there was a significant increase in Na+. No statistical differences were determined in the volume of exercise done with and without water intake. The study shows that water intake during high-intensity resistance training does not have any effect on the volume of exercise. In addition, the changes in Na+ and K+ parameters do not affect the volume of exercise. Although loss of minerals is statistically significant in exercise without water, it is understood that the total amount of minerals lost is not enough to induce a physiological change or a performance change in the total resistance training volume. Water, regardless of the volume and intensity of exercise, promotes balance of metabolism and prevents performance degradation that can occur during sport events (Murray et al., 1991). For this reason, water should be consumed not only in sports activities but also in daily activities

Exercise addiction levels of ındividuals exercising in fitness centers and related variables

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the symptoms of exercise dependence of individuals who do sports in fitness centers and to compare them in terms of certain variables. Method: A total of 209 people, 94 men and 115 women, who regularly do sports in the fitness centers, voluntarily participated in the study. Exercise Dependence Scale-21 was applied to the athletes with the form in which personal information was questioned. Results: There was a significant difference in exercise dependence sub-dimension levels of athletes according to gender, age, income level and number of training variables. When the symptoms of the participants are examined, 96 athletes participating in the study are described as asymptomatic and 113 as symptomatic. In our study, no athlete was identified as addicted. It was found that the risk of exercise dependence was highest in men, those between the ages of 18-22, those with an income between 3001-5000 TL, and those with a low number of training. Conclusion: The athletes participating in our study were not exercise addicts but had risks, while the variables of gender, age, income and number of training could be effective in the emergence of exercise dependence symptoms. It is thought that support should be given to these athleteAmaç: Bu çalışmada fitness salonlarında spor yapan bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı semptomlarını tespit ederek belirli değişkenler açısından karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya fitness salonlarında düzenli olarak spor yapan 94 erkek, 115 kadın toplamda 209 kişi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporculara kişisel bilgilerin sorgulandığı form ile Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21 uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Cinsiyet, yaş, gelir düzeyi ve antrenman sayısı değişkenine göre sporcuların egzersiz bağımlılığı alt boyut düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Sporcuların göstermiş olduğu semptomlar incelendiğinde çalışmaya katılan 96 sporcu asemptomatik, 113 sporcu ise semptomatik olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Çalışmamızda bağımlı olarak nitelendirilen sporcu tespit edilmemiştir. Katılımcılarda egzersiz bağımlılığı riskinin en fazla erkekler, yaşı 18- 22 yaş arasında olanlar, 3001-5000 TL arasında gelire sahip olanlar ve antrenman sayısı az olanlarda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza katılan sporcuların egzersiz bağımlısı olmadıkları fakat risk taşıdıkları görülürken cinsiyet, yaş, gelir ve antrenman sayısı değişkenlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı semptomlarının ortaya çıkmasında etkin olabileceği görülmektedir. Bu sporculara aşırı egzersiz yerine kontrollü, den

Spor lisesindeki sporcuların stresle başa çıkma düzeylerinin araştırılması

Bu çalışmanın amacı; spor müsabakalarına katılan Rize Spor Lisesindeki sporcuların stresle başa çıkma düzeylerinin farklı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi ve sonuçlarının ortaya konmasıdır. Çalışma ölçek araştırması deseninde olup, çalışmaya 207 sporcu katılmıştır. Veriler, “Stresle Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe Versiyonu” kullanılarak Google form aracılığıyla online toplanmıştır. Veri analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemlere ek olarak, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi ve Tukey çoklu karşılaştırma testleri kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 26 lisanslı istatistik programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Sporcuların cinsiyet, yaş, spor dalı ve spor yapma yılı açısından stresle başa çıkma stratejileri ölçeği alt boyut düzeylerinde anlamlı farklar tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). Sonuç kullanılan değişkenlerin stresle başa çıkma düzeylerini etkilemediği belirlenmiştir. Sporcuların stresle başa çıkma stratejilerinde en fazla kendine güvensiz yaklaşımı, boyun eğici yaklaşımı ve sosyal destek arama yaklaşımını tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Anlamlı fark olmamasına rağmen ortalamalara bakıldığında sporcuların kendilerine yeteri kadar güvenmediği ve dışardan gelecek bir destek arayışı içerisinde oldukları tespit edilmiştir.The aim of this study is to determine how well student athletes attending Rize Sports High School cope with stress. The study follows a scale research design and was conducted with 207 student athletes. The Turkish version of the Stress Coping Strategies Scales was completed by participants via an online Google form. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, both a One Way Analysis of Variance and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to analyze data. No significant difference was found in the scale’s sub-dimensions by gender, age, sport branch, and years of participation in sports (p>0.05). The variables examined were found not to affect participants’ abilities to cope with stress. It was observed that the participants mostly exhibited insecurity, submissiveness, and helpseeking. Although no significant difference was found, the averages revealed that participants did not have sufficient levels of confidence in themselves and frequently sought support from a third party

The Relationship between Resilience and Constant Hope in Students Studying Sports Science

Individuals face negative events throughout their lives and such events can cause problems in every aspect of life. A high level of resilience is required to cope with such negative events. There are various factors that affect resilience. Hope is one of those factors. This factor provides a strong structure to individuals and keeps identified objectives alive. Based on this view, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience and constant hope of students studying in a sports science department. Accordingly, the study group of this study consisted of 203 students with 91 female and 112 male students studying in a sports science faculty/school of physical education and sports of universities. The data collection tools of this study were the “Resilience Scale” and the “Constant Hope Scale”. Additionally, to collect information about the students, the “Personal Information Form” developed by the researchers was adopted during the data collection process. The analysis of the obtained data was done with descriptive statistics, t-test for independent two groups, one- way variance analysis (Anova), and Pearson Correlation. To determine which groups caused the statistical difference after one-way variance analysis (Anova), the Tukey HSD multiple comparative test was applied. The results of the study indicated that the data obtained on a scale basis had normal distribution. While there was no significant difference for gender between the relationship of resilience and constant hope, there was a statistically significant difference between different age groups. Additionally, the correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive, moderate level relationship between the two scales

Effects of Swedish massage at different times of the day on dynamic and static balance in taekwondo athletes

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different durations of Swedish massage on the static and dynamic balance at different times of the day in taekwondo athletes. Twelve taekwondo athletes who had been practicing on a regular basis for more than 5 years participated in this study. Taekwondo athletes completed static and dynamic balance tests either after a no-massage protocol (NMP), a five-minute massage protocol (5MMP), a ten-minute massage protocol (10MMP), or a fifteen-minute massage protocol (15MMP) two times a day in the morning (08:00-12:00) and in the evening (16:00-20:00), on non-consecutive days. The findings of this study suggest that the duration of the massage has a discernible impact on dynamic balance, particularly with regard to the right foot. Taekwondo athletes who received a 10MMP or 15MMP displayed significantly improved dynamic balance compared to those in the NMP. Importantly, these improvements were independent of the time of day when the massages were administered. It underscores the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance, a critical component of their performance, regardless of the time of day

Futbol hakemlerinde oyun temelli antrenmanların pozisyon hissi belirleme ve karar verme becerisi ile fiziksel ve fizyolojik yeterliliklerine etkileri

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı farklı hakem antrenman programlarının hakemlerin atletik performanslarına ve karar verme becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya TFF’de aktif olarak klasman düzeyde görev yapan 44 erkek hakem katılmıştır. Hakemler, Oyun Temelli Hakem Antrenman Grubu (OTHAG), Hakem Antrenman Grubu (HAG) ve Kontrol Grubu olmak üzere 3 farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Hakemlere haftada 2 gün (Salı-Perşembe) olmak üzere 12 hafta antrenman programı uygulanmıştır. Hakemlere antrenman programları öncesi ve sonrasında; fiziksel ölçüm (boy, kilo, vyy, vki) testleri, uzan eriş testi, uzun atlama testi, dikey sıçrama testi, sürat testi, çeviklik testi, sırt-bacak kuvvet testi, Y-balance testi, FMS testi, Pozisyon Hissi Belirleme, Yo-Yo Aralıklı Toparlanma Testi-I, Uyarlanmış FIFA Atletik Testi ve Video Karar Verme testi uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: OTHAG hakemlerinin HAG ve KG hakemlerine göre atletik performans testlerinde daha fazla gelişim elde ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Karar verme becerisi performansına bakıldığında ise OTHAG ve KG hakemleri HAG hakemlerine göre daha fazla gelişim göstermişlerdir.Sonuçlar: Hakemlerim atletik performanslarını ve karar verme becerilerini geliştirmek için oyun temelli antrenman uygulamalarının diğer uygulamalara göre daha verimli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.--------------------Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different referee training programs on the athletic performances and decision-making skills of the referees.Materials and Method: The study included 44 male referee who were active in the TFF. The referees are divided into three groups as Game Based Referee Training Group (OTHAG), Referee Training Group (HAG) and Control Group. 12 weeks training program was applied to the referees, 2 days a week (Tuesday-Thursday). Before and after training programs for the referees; physical measurement (height, weight, %fat, BMI) tests, length test, long jump test, vertical jump test, speed test, agility test, back-leg force test, Y balance test, FMS test, Position Sensation Determination, Yo- Yo Intermittent Recovery Test-I, Adapted FIFA Athletic Test and Video Decision Making test were applied.Findings: According to the HAG and KG referees, OTHAG referees were found to have more development in athletic performance tests. In terms of decision-making performance, HAG and KG referees showed more improvement than HAG referees.Conclusions: In order to improve the athletic performance and decision-making skills of referees, game-based training practices were found to be more efficient than other applications

Eating disorder and sports engagement in individuals playing sports

The main purpose of study is to investigate the relationship between the level of sports engagement, eating disorder tendency.  A total of 524 individuals, a mean age of 24±8.00 in study. The data of the study were collected using the personal information form, the scale of engagement to sport, the orthorexia-11 scale. In the analysis of the data, the Independet Sample T-Test was used to compare the paired groups to determine the differences between the groups, One-Way Anova was used to compare the groups of three or more. In determining the effect size of the differences, Cohen d values for T-Test and eta2 values for ANOVA were calculated. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between eating disorder tendency, sports engagement  levels. Participants' sports engagement scores; while it did not differ according to gender (p>0.05), it differed branch, level of sports, diet and year of sports (p<0.05). Orthorexic (eating disorder) tendencies of the participants; while it did not differ gender and level of doing sports (p>0.05), it differed branch, dieting status and year of doing sports (p<0.05). It was determined that the sport, history, diet and training frequency were effective on adherence levels, orthorexic tendency, high level of sport adherence increased orthorexic tendency. Considering that people's physical appearance concerns are high, their desire to have a fit appearance due to environmental effects, this is thought to be effective in increasing the level of engagement to sports, orthorexic tendency

Effects of anaerobic interval training with different rest interval on aerobic capacity, anaerobic threshold and blood parameters

Aim: This research is to determine the effects of extensive and intensive interval training practiced in different rest interval and in the same intensity on VO2max and anaerobic threshold and on blood parameters.Material and Methods: 20 male subjects, between 18–22 ages, are participated in the study. They are randomly separated two groups. One of them (n=10) did intensive interval training (IIT), the other one (n=10) did extensive interval training (EIT). EI and II training were applied to participants thought 7 weeks and 3 days per a week and the volume of the daily training, intensity %75, is totally 2800–3000m. We tested the subjects at weights, BMI, Fat %, Fat Mass, VO2max, anaerobic threshold, hemogram and some of the biochemical tests before and after the training.Results: There were significant increase (p<0.05) in the capacity of VO2max and anaerobic threshold at EIT. There were significant increases in the subgroup of erythrocyte; HCT (p<0.05), HGB, MCH, MCHC, RDW–CV and RDW–SD (p<0.01) at EIT. There was significant decreases in the subgroup of leukocyte; LYMPH, in the subgroup of thrombocyte; PCT and in the biochemical analysis; HDL (p<0.05) at EIT. No significant differences were found between before and after IIT in the capacity of VO2max. and anaerobic threshold. There was significant decreases in the subgroup of leukocyte; GRAN, in the subgroup of thrombocyte; PLT and PCT (p<0.05) at IIT. There were significant increase in the subgroup of erythrocyte; MCV and in the biochemical analysis; glucose (p<0.05) at IIT.Conclusion: EIT has a decisive effect on the capacity of VO2max and anaerobic threshold. EI and II training has increased or decreased the level of some blood parameters

Analysis of Official Internet Sites of Super League Teams in Terms of Marketing

In this research which was conducted to determine whether the sports clubs in the super league can effectively use the internet to market their products in their corporate websites, It has been determined that the official websites of the sports clubs in the sample and their site maps are actively used. It has also been determined that many sports clubs give information about their products on their websites and use this technological substructure for the marketing of their products. Clubs provided adequate information about their sponsors and advertisements in their website, however it has been found that information regarding club membership was limited. It has also been determined that sports clubs are trying to market their products such as magazines, club credit cards and GSM phone lines on their internet homepages or subpage

Fitness Salonlarında Spor Yapan Bireylerin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Değişkenler

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the symptoms of exercise dependence of individuals who do sports in fitness centers and to compare them in terms of certain variables. Method: A total of 209 people, 94 men and 115 women, who regularly do sports in the fitness centers, voluntarily participated in the study. Exercise Dependence Scale-21 was applied to the athletes with the form in which personal information was questioned. Results: There was a significant difference in exercise dependence sub-dimension levels of athletes according to gender, age, income level and number of training variables. When the symptoms of the participants are examined, 96 athletes participating in the study are described as asymptomatic and 113 as symptomatic. In our study, no athlete was identified as addicted. It was found that the risk of exercise dependence was highest in men, those between the ages of 18-22, those with an income between 3001-5000 TL, and those with a low number of training. Conclusion: The athletes participating in our study were not exercise addicts but had risks, while the variables of gender, age, income and number of training could be effective in the emergence of exercise dependence symptoms. It is thought that support should be given to these athleteAmaç: Bu çalışmada fitness salonlarında spor yapan bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı semptomlarını tespit ederek belirli değişkenler açısından karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya fitness salonlarında düzenli olarak spor yapan 94 erkek, 115 kadın toplamda 209 kişi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporculara kişisel bilgilerin sorgulandığı form ile Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21 uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Cinsiyet, yaş, gelir düzeyi ve antrenman sayısı değişkenine göre sporcuların egzersiz bağımlılığı alt boyut düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Sporcuların göstermiş olduğu semptomlar incelendiğinde çalışmaya katılan 96 sporcu asemptomatik, 113 sporcu ise semptomatik olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Çalışmamızda bağımlı olarak nitelendirilen sporcu tespit edilmemiştir. Katılımcılarda egzersiz bağımlılığı riskinin en fazla erkekler, yaşı 18- 22 yaş arasında olanlar, 3001-5000 TL arasında gelire sahip olanlar ve antrenman sayısı az olanlarda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza katılan sporcuların egzersiz bağımlısı olmadıkları fakat risk taşıdıkları görülürken cinsiyet, yaş, gelir ve antrenman sayısı değişkenlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı semptomlarının ortaya çıkmasında etkin olabileceği görülmektedir. Bu sporculara aşırı egzersiz yerine kontrollü, den