Didactique des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre en Formation Professionnelle des Enseignants et ses Impacts sur la Qualité de l’Enseignement au Maroc

La didactique appliquée est la base de la formation dans le métier d’enseignement d’une discipline. En Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (SVT), les leçons ou leçons TP encadrées selon la nouvelle vision de la didactique représentent l’avantage de bien préparer les élèves professeurs aux métiers d’enseignement et par conséquent d’améliorer la qualité de notre enseignement. La présente étude a été établie dans le but de valoriser la didactique appliquée en formation initiale et continue. Les résultats de recherche d’évaluation de la didactique appliquée au niveau des centres de formation nous ont permis de retenir que l’horaire consacré au module de la didactique appliquée est généralement insuffisant et que le contenu n’est pas totalement conforme à la nouvelle vision, dans la majorité des descriptifs universitaires d’Éducation. L’évaluation des élèves professeurs en séances de didactique appliquée en SVT montre que la plupart des étudiants ignorent totalement la préparation des fiches scientifiques et pédagogiques et rencontrent des problèmes énormes dans la conception des fiches et la présentation orale ou écrite d’une leçon ; une telle situation exige des formateurs multidisciplinaires et qualifiés. L’évaluation en situation réelle de classe de secondaire, nous a permis de dégager un ensemble d’anomalies dans le métier d’enseignement qui demande une formation continue plus consistante et mieux réfléchie en Didactique Appliquée. Enfin, il convient de signaler que la pratique de la didactique selon les points soulevés dans cette étude, dans les centres de formation des enseignants, pourrait avoir un impact positif sur l’amélioration de la qualité de notre enseignement secondaire. Applied didactic is the basic training in the teaching profession of any discipline. Lessons or practical works, according to the new vision of teaching, seeks to better prepare students teachers. This paper focuses on highlighting applied didactic in both initial and continuous training. Research evaluation results of applied didactics in centre’s training has shown that the hourly volume of applied didactic is generally insufficient. It also shows that the content is not very compliant with the new vision for the majority of curriculum. Evaluation of student teachers according to the new vision of applied didactic in Life and Earth Sciences (LES) has shown that most students have completely ignored the preparation of the scientific and educational sheets. In addition, they have encountered enormous problems in the construction and presentation of their lessons. This situation requires multi-disciplinary and qualified trainers. Real classroom evaluation has enabled us to identify a set of anomalies in the teaching profession, which requires more continuous training in applied didactics. Majority of teachers do not master Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and they considered the integration of technology in their lessons anti-pedagogical. In recent years, the LES lessons taken by students has become a set of data and results experiments, helping students to differentiate essential from nonessential knowledge. In the absence of adequate didactic orientation, classical teaching methods and even erroneous educational and didactic representations will continue to circulate in our educational system. The gravity of all this is the indirect transfer of this classical way of teaching from practicing teachers to student teachers during internships. Lastly, it should be pointed out that the practice of didactics, according to the points raised in this study in teacher training centers, could have a positive impact on improving the quality of our secondary education

Micropropagation of Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by cotyledonary buds

La micropropagation du Caroubier (Ceratonia siliqua L.) par culture de bourgeons cotylédonaires de plantules âgées de 13 jours a été étudiée sur le milieu WPM additionné de microéléments et de vitamines MS. La comparaison de l’effet de quatre cytokinines (BAP, zéatine, kinétine et 2-iP) a montré que la croissance des pousses est surtout stimulée par la zéatine (1 mg/l) ; alors que l’organogenèse se fait mieux en présence de la BAP ou de la zéatine (1 mg/l). L’effet de quatre auxines (AIA, AIB, ANA et 2,4-D) à faible concentration (0,1 mg/l) combinées à la BAP (0,5 mg/l) a été aussi testé, et a montré que l’ANA favorise la croissance des plantules et la néoformation de tiges. Toutefois, l’association de l’AG3 à différentes concentrations avec la BAP (0,5 mg/l) n’a pas eu d’effet significatif sur la culture de ces explants. La multiplication des pousses a été favorisée par des concentrations moyennes de BAP (0,5 à 1 mg/l) seule ou associée avec l’AG3 (0,2 mg/l). Parmi les auxines testées au cours de la phase d’enracinement, l’AIB (2 mg/l) s’est avéré la plus efficace pour la rhizogenèse.In vitro micropropagation of Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by cotyledonary buds taken from 13 day old seedlings was attempted on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with microelements and Murashige and Skoog (MS) vitamins. Comparison of the effect of four cytokinines (benzylaminopurine, zeatin, kinetinand 2-iP) has shown that seedling growth was stimulated by zeatin at 1 mg/L, while organogenesis was better under BAP or zeatin at 1 mg/L. The effect of four auxins (AIA, AIB, ANA and 2,4-D) at low concentrations (0.1 mg/L) combined with BAP at 0.5 mg/L has shown that Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) stimulates better stem formation and growth. Moreover, combination of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) at different concentrations with BAP at 0.5 mg/L did not show a significant effect on growth. Shoot multiplication was stimulated by medium concentrations of BAP (0.5 - 1 mg/L) alone or with GA3 at 0.2 mg/L. Among the auxins tested during rooting, Indol-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) (2 mg/L) was found to be the most efficient for root formation

Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction

Presented at the GLOBELICS 2006 conference in India during 4-7 October 2006.Session I-6 FDI: Spillovers and Competitivenes

Biology and Physiology of <I>Colletotrichum acutatum</I> Strains Causing Strawberry’s Anthracnose

International audienceSeven Colletotrichum acutatum strains isolated from strawberries were cultivated on various culture media and tested in vitro and in vivo on Fragaria x ananassa for anthracnose symptoms. PDA caused an optimum growth of all isolates, MEA, ML and Strawberry allowed a good but not optimal growth. Czapeck, Sabouraud and the organic medium from potato gave the lowest growth rate of all isolates. PDA allowed a good sporulation of isolates follow-up by strawberry, MEA; in contrast, ML, Czapeck and Sabouraud gave a low sporulation. The fungal development is maximal at 25˚C and 27˚C for all the isolates studied. No growth was observed at 5˚C and 37˚C. The studied strains developed at all pH values. They didn't develop at 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 aw but mycelial growth was perfect at 1 and 0.95 aw. The in vitro test of the pathogenicity caused by C. acutatum strains on strawberry's leaves showed an increasing percentage of infection with time and different infection rates among C. acutatum strains, strain Ca6 having a pathogenic power very high compared to the other isolates. After in vivo inoculation and incubation of the seedlings, all isolates caused severe symptoms related to anthracnose on leaflets and petioles of the studied strawberry plants

In Vitro Evaluation of the Resistance of Seven Isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum to Thiram and Copper

International audienceSeven Isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum have been collected from strawberries attacked with anthracnose in the Loukous territory, Morocco. The study of the effect in vitro of 3 fungicides with Thiram as active substance and another one with copper on seven isolates of C. acutatum was studied. Thiram has a potent effectiveness on germination and is moderately effective on mycelial growth and sporulation. Copper has shown effectiveness on germination as variable activity in other strain's life stage

Antioxidant Properties, Bioactive Compounds Contents, and Chemical Characterization of Two Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Morocco: <i>Paralepista flaccida</i> (Sowerby) Vizzini and <i>Lepista nuda</i> (Bull.) Cooke

Mushrooms have been consumed for centuries and have recently gained more popularity as an important source of nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds. As part of the valorization of mushroom species in northern Morocco, the current study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of two wild edible mushrooms, Paralepista flaccida and Lepista nuda. Herein, the bioactive compounds were determined using spectrophotometer methods, and results showed that the value of total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be higher in P. flaccida (32.86 ± 0.52 mg) than in L. nuda (25.52 ± 0.56 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/mg of dry methanolic extract (dme)). On the other hand, the value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was greater in L. nuda than in P. flaccida, with values of 19.02 ± 0.80 and 10.34 ± 0.60 mg of (+)-catechin equivalents (CEs)/g dme, respectively. Moreover, the ascorbic acid, tannin, and carotenoids content was moderate, with a non-significant difference between the two samples. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis allowed the identification and quantification of thirteen individual phenolic compounds in both P. flaccida and L. nuda, whereas p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was recognized as the major compound detected, with values of 138.50 ± 1.58 and 587.90 ± 4.89 µg/g of dry weight (dw), respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extracts of P. flaccida and L. nuda revealed the presence of sixty-one and sixty-six biomolecules, respectively. These biomolecules can mainly be divided into four main groups, namely sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids. Moreover, glycerol (12.42%) and mannitol (10.39%) were observed to be the main chemical compositions of P. flaccida, while L. nuda was predominated by linolelaidic acid (21.13%) and leucine (9.05%). L. nuda showed a strong antioxidant property, evaluated by DPPH (half maximal effective concentration (EC50) 1.18–0.98 mg/mL); β-carotene bleaching (EC50 0.22–0.39 mg/mL); and reducing power methods (EC50 0.63–0.48 mg/mL), respectively. These findings suggested that both mushrooms are potential sources of various biomolecules, many of which possess important biological activities which are interesting for the foods and pharmaceuticals industry

Chemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Blue Tansy (<i>Tanacetum annuum</i>) Essential Oil and Crude Extracts against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>albedinis,</i> an Agent Causing Bayoud Disease of Date Palm

Tanacetum annuum L. is a Mediterranean plant, commonly known as Blue Tansy due to its blue colour as an essential oil, which is widely used for medicinal purposes. However, there are no studies on the bioactive compounds (especially, phenolic compounds) and the biological properties of their organic extracts. Herein, the purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and crude extracts of the T. annuum aerial parts collected from northern Morocco and to evaluate their antioxidant and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an agent causing Bayoud disease of the date palm, an important food source and commercial perennial crop in the Sahara and North Africa. Chemically, Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods were used to determine the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, respectively; polyphenols were characterized using HPLC-MS, while GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil composition. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities was carried out using the DPPH test and microdilution method, respectively. The results showed that the three T. annuum parts (stems, leaves and flowers) extracts contained important TPC and TFC with values varied between 51.32 and 116.32 mg/g of dry crude extract (DCE). HPLC-MS analysis revealed the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic acids and flavonoids with an emphasis on apigenin 7-glucoside (4540 µg/g of dry weight (DW)), luteolin 7-glucoside (2804 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (1878 µg/g DW). Additionally, 39 biomolecules were identified in the essential oil using GC-MS, which were predominated by camphor (16.69%), α-pinene (12.37%), bornyl acetate (11.97%) and limonene (11.10%). The methanolic and hydro-methanolic extracts of T. annuum parts demonstrated a strong antioxidant property with IC50 values ranging between 0.22 and 0.65 mg/mL. Concerning antifungal activity, the essential oil and crude extracts of the Moroccan Blue Tansy exhibited a potent capacity against F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis at low concentrations, with MIC and MFC values of 3.33 and 4.58 µL/mL for the essential oil and values of 3.33 and 9.17 mg/mL for crude extracts, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated T. annuum as an important source of bioactive compounds and contribute significantly to the potential of using essential oils and extracts for controlling the Bayoud disease of date palms. Moreover, the finding suggests that T. annuum can be highly useful for phytosanitary and pharmaceutical industries

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activity of thymus capitatus, a medicinal plant collected from Northern Morocco

Thymus capitatus is a Mediterranean endemic plant commonly known as “Zaïtra” in northern Morocco. As T. capitatus is widely used in traditional medicine and food, this present work aims to investigate the chemical compositions and biological activities of the T. capitatus leaves essential oil (TcLEO), acetonic (TcLAE), and methanolic extract (TcLME). The spectrophotometric determination demonstrated that T. capitatus is a natural source rich in phenolic contents (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) and that TcLME revealed the highest TPC and TFC than TcLAE and TcLEO. The LC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds showed that paraben acid was predominant in both TcLME and TcLAE, followed by cinnamic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. GC-MS analysis of the TcLEO revealed the presence of a total of 10 compounds, which were predominated by carvacrol. The antioxidant activity by ORAC was observed to be significantly higher in TcLEO and TcLAE than in TcLME. All samples used to assess DNA degradation effectively prevented DNA oxidation and, at the same time, had a prooxidant effect. The genotoxicity test showed that the T. capitatus were devoid of any mutagenic activity. Concerning antifungal activity, all samples were able to inhibit the growth of all microorganisms tested at low concentrations. TcLAE showed higher activity than TcLME, and in general, dermatophytes were more susceptible, being Microsporum canis the most sensitive one. Overall, the results obtained from this study confirm the wide uses of T. capitatus. Furthermore, the finding results suggest that the T. capitatus essential oil and extracts can be highly useful for pharmaceutical industries.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Abstracts of 1st International Conference on Computational & Applied Physics

This book contains the abstracts of the papers presented at the International Conference on Computational &amp; Applied Physics (ICCAP’2021) Organized by the Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Laboratory (LASICOM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Saad Dahleb Blida 1, Algeria, held on 26–28 September 2021. The Conference had a variety of Plenary Lectures, Oral sessions, and E-Poster Presentations. Conference Title: 1st International Conference on Computational &amp; Applied PhysicsConference Acronym: ICCAP’2021Conference Date: 26–28 September 2021Conference Location: Online (Virtual Conference)Conference Organizer: Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films Laboratory (LASICOM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Saad Dahleb Blida 1, Algeria