Constraints to exclusive breastfeeding practice among breastfeeding mothers in Southwest Nigeria: implications for scaling up

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The practice of exclusive breastfeeding is still low despite the associated benefits. Improving the uptake and appropriating the benefits will require an understanding of breastfeeding as an embodied experience within a social context. This study investigates breastfeeding practices and experiences of nursing mothers and the roles of grandmothers, as well as the work-related constraints affecting nurses in providing quality support for breastfeeding mothers in Southwest Nigeria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using a concurrent mixed method approach, a structured questionnaire was administered to 200 breastfeeding mothers. In-depth interviews were also held with breastfeeding mothers (11), nurses (10) and a focus group discussion session with grandmothers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Breastfeeding was perceived as essential to baby's health. It strengthens the physical and spiritual bond between mothers and their children. Exclusive breastfeeding was considered essential but demanding. Only a small proportion (19%) of the nursing mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding. The survey showed the major constraints to exclusive breastfeeding to be: the perception that babies continued to be hungry after breastfeeding (29%); maternal health problems (26%); fear of babies becoming addicted to breast milk (26%); pressure from mother-in-law (25%); pains in the breast (25%); and the need to return to work (24%). In addition, the qualitative findings showed that significant others played dual roles with consequences on breastfeeding practices. The desire to practice exclusive breastfeeding was often compromised shortly after child delivery. Poor feeding, inadequate support from husband and conflicting positions from the significant others were dominant constraints. The nurses decried the effects of their workload on providing quality supports for nursing mothers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Breastfeeding mothers are faced with multiple challenges as they strive to practice exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, scaling up of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers requires concerted efforts at the macro, meso and micro levels of the Nigerian society.</p

Advancing a Conceptual Model of Evidence-Based Practice Implementation in Public Service Sectors

Implementation science is a quickly growing discipline. Lessons learned from business and medical settings are being applied but it is unclear how well they translate to settings with different historical origins and customs (e.g., public mental health, social service, alcohol/drug sectors). The purpose of this paper is to propose a multi-level, four phase model of the implementation process (i.e., Exploration, Adoption/Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment), derived from extant literature, and apply it to public sector services. We highlight features of the model likely to be particularly important in each phase, while considering the outer and inner contexts (i.e., levels) of public sector service systems

Natural healers: a review of animal assisted therapy and activities as complementary treatment for chronic conditions Curadores naturales: una revisión de la terapia y actividades asistidas por animales como tratamiento complementar de enfermedades crónicas Curadores naturais: uma revisão da terapia e atividades assistidas por animais como tratamento complementar de doenças crônicas

The primary objective of this review is to synthesize the existing literature on the use of animal-assisted therapy and activity (AAT/A) as complementary treatment among people living with chronic disease and to discuss the possible application of this practice among children living with HIV. Relevant databases were searched between March 10 and April 11, 2011, using the words: animal assisted therapy or treatment and chronic conditions or diseases. Thirty-one articles were found and 18 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research suggests that AAT/A is effective for different patient profiles, particularly children. Interaction with dogs has been found to increase positive behaviors, such as sensitivity and focus, in children with social disabilities. Decreased levels of pain have also been reported among child patients as a result of AAT/A. More research should be done in the area of children living with chronic diseases that require strict adherence to treatment, such as HIV, and on AAT/A's prospective use as an educational tool to teach children about the importance of self-care for their medical conditions.<br>El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir la literatura existente sobre el uso de terapia y actividades asistidas por animales (AAT/A), como terapia coadyuvante en personas viviendo con enfermedades crónicas, y discutir la posible aplicación de esa práctica en niños que viven con SIDA. La información fue buscada en bancos de datos entre 10 de marzo y 11 de abril de 2011, usando las palabras: terapia asistida por animales o tratamiento y condiciones crónicas o enfermedades. Treinta y uno artículos fueron encontrados y 18 siguieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La pesquisa sugiere que AAT/A es eficaz para pacientes con diferentes perfiles, especialmente para niños. Se descubrió que la interacción con perros incrementa comportamientos positivos como aumento de la sensibilidad y atención en los niños con deficiencia social. La reducción en los niveles de dolor también fue relatada en niños como resultado de la AAT/A. Más investigaciones deben ser hechas en el área de niños que viven con enfermedades crónicas que exigen adhesión rigurosa al tratamiento, tales como SIDA, y el uso prospectivo de la AAT/A como herramienta educacional para enseñar los niños sobre la importancia del autocuidado para sus condiciones médicas.<br>O objetivo desta revisão é descrever a literatura existente sobre o uso de terapia e atividades assistidas por animais (AAT/A) como terapia adjuvante em pessoas vivendo com doenças crônicas e discutir a possível aplicação desta prática em crianças que vivem com HIV. A informação foi buscada em bancos de dados entre 10 de março e 11 de abril de 2011, usando as palavras: terapia assistida por animais ou tratamento e condições crônicas ou doenças. Trinta e um artigo foram encontrados e 18 seguiram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A pesquisa sugere que AAT/A é eficaz para pacientes com diferentes perfis, especialmente para crianças. Descobriu-se que a interação com cães incrementa comportamentos positivos como aumento da sensibilidade e atenção nas crianças com deficiência social. A redução nos níveis de dor também foi relatada em crianças como resultado da AAT/A. Mais pesquisas devem ser feitas na área de crianças que vivem com doenças crônicas que exigem adesão rigorosa ao tratamento, tais como HIV, e o uso prospectivo da AAT/A como uma ferramenta educacional para ensinar às crianças sobre a importância do autocuidado para suas condições médicas

Assessing fidelity of cognitive behavioral therapy in rural VA clinics: design of a randomized implementation effectiveness (hybrid type III) trial

BACKGROUND: Broadly disseminating and implementing evidence-based psychotherapies with high fidelity, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), has proved challenging for many health-care systems, including the Department of Veterans Affairs, especially in primary care settings such as small or remote clinics. A computer-based tool (based on the coordinated anxiety learning and management (CALM) program) was designed to support primary care-based mental health providers in delivering CBT. The objectives of this study are to modify the CALM tool to meet the needs of mental health clinicians in veterans affairs (VA) community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) and rural "veterans", use external facilitation to implement CBT and determine the effect of the CALM tool versus a manualized version of CALM to improve fidelity to the CBT treatment model, and conduct a needs assessment to understand how best to support future implementation of the CALM tool in routine care. METHODS/DESIGN: Focus groups will inform the redesign of the CALM tool. Mental health providers at regional VA CBOCs; CBT experts; VA experts in implementation of evidence-based mental health practices; and veterans with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, "with or without" depression will be recruited. A hybrid type III design will be used to examine the effect of receiving CBT training plus either the CALM tool or a manual version of CALM on treatment fidelity. External facilitation will be used as the overarching strategy to implement both CBT delivery methods. Data will also be collected on symptoms of the targeted disorders. To help prepare for the future implementation of the CALM tool in VA CBOCs, we will perform an implementation need assessment with mental health providers participating in the clinical trial and their CBOC directors. DISCUSSION: This project will help inform strategies for delivering CBT with high fidelity in VA CBOCs to veterans with anxiety disorders and PTSD with or without depression. If successful, results of this study could be used to inform a national rollout of the CALM tool in VA CBOCs including providing recommendations for optimizing the adoption and sustained use of the computerized CALM tool among mental health providers in this setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0248855