Comparative Advertising Wars: An Historical Analysis of Their Causes and Consequences

This historical study contributes to the extensive literature on comparative advertising by examining the causes and consequences of comparative advertising wars; that is, when one advertiser responds to a direct or implied attack by another advertiser. Primary and secondary sources consist of articles published in historic and contemporary marketing and advertising trade journals, such as Printers’ Ink, Advertising & Selling, and Advertising Age. The findings reveal that well-publicized advertising wars occurred frequently between major U.S. advertisers throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, and that they most often occurred in product and service markets characterized by intense competition. Many, if not most, advertisers’ principal motive for responding to a comparative advertising attack has been emotional rather than rational. The findings also reveal that advertising wars often became increasingly hostile, leading to negative consequences for all combatants, as well as a broad and negative social consequence in the form of potentially misleading advertising.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Efeito do manejo do lençol freático na adaptação fisiomorfológica de duas espécies de trigo ao encharcamento Effect of the water table management in the morpho-physiological adaptation of two wheat species to waterlogging

Estudou-se o efeito de três manejos do lençol freático na indução de adaptações fisiomorfológicas dos trigos Triticum aestivum L. e Triticum durum L. à hipoxia, caracterizando e inferindo a influência relativa dos principais fatores físicos e biológicos interferentes. O experimento foi conduzido na ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, simulando-se ao máximo um meio físico/condição natural de uma várzea. Após a indução na fase vegetativa, através de períodos hipóxicos com duração progressiva, o grau de adaptação foi avaliado através de inundação permanente, incluindo o florescimento/formação de grãos. Observou-se: resposta diferenciada de exigência e/ou capacidade de extração de nutrientes entre as duas espécies; que a adubação foliar foi ineficiente para suprir as deficiências nutricionais da planta; que os manejos com curtos períodos de hipoxia induziram o trigo a adaptações fisiomorfológicas, porém não na intensidade ou eficiência de que resultassem parâmetros de produção em níveis adequados; enfim, que o manejo com o lençol freático mantido a 15 cm de profundidade durante todo o ciclo cultural foi o que propiciou melhor desempenho do trigo em cultivo sob encharcamento.<br>The effect of three different water table managements in the morpho-physiological adaptation to waterlogging of Triticum aestivum, L. and Triticum durum, L., and the relative influence of the main physical and biological interferance factors were studied. The trial was conducted at ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, under simulated conditions of a natural low land. After introduction of stress adaptation during the vegetative growth stage, while applying progressive times of hipoxics periods, there were observed different requirements and/or extraction capacities of nutrients between the two species; the fertilization on leaves was not enough to avoid nutritional deficiencies in wheat under hipoxia. The water table management used resulted in morpho-physiological adaptations, but not enough to reach adequate biometric parameters of productivity. The water table at a 15 cm depth throughout the crop cycle resulted in better performance

Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales

Timing of activity can reveal an organism’s efforts to optimize foraging either by minimizing energy loss through passive movement or by maximizing energetic gain through foraging. Here, we assess whether signals of either of these strategies are detectable in the timing of activity of daily, local movements by birds. We compare the similarities of timing of movement activity among species using six temporal variables: start of activity relative to sunrise, end of activity relative to sunset, relative speed at midday, number of movement bouts, bout duration, and proportion of active daytime hours. We test for the influence of flight mode and foraging habitat on the timing of movement activity across avian guilds. We used 64570 days of GPS movement data collected between 2002 and 2019 for local (non-migratory) movements of 991 birds from 49 species, representing 14 orders. Dissimilarity among daily activity patterns was best explained by flight mode. Terrestrial soaring birds began activity later and stopped activity earlier than pelagic soaring or flapping birds. Broad-scale foraging habitat explained less of the clustering patterns because of divergent timing of active periods of pelagic surface and diving foragers. Among pelagic birds, surface foragers were active throughout the day while diving foragers matched their active hours more closely to daylight hours. Pelagic surface foragers also had the greatest daily foraging distances, which was consistent with their daytime activity patterns. This study demonstrates that flight mode and foraging habitat influence temporal patterns of daily movement activity of birds. Methods Data were compiled from previously collected GPS movement datasets. We include days with 8+ h of data, and exclude migrations > 500 km long. For colonial nesting pelagic birds, we compare only days with known foraging trips. Dataset here includes the six temporal variables used in our study, measured at the hourly and daily scale. Usage Notes Mallon et al. 2020. Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales. Journal of Avian Biology The dryad repository contents include the following data: 1. Final dataset used in analysis: mallon2020_trait_data.csv 2. Original hourly data measures of several temporal variables: mallon2020_hr_data.csv 3. Original daily data measures of several temporal variables: mallon2020_day_data.csv 4. Final morphological data used in analysis: mallon2020_morpho_data.csv Data columns of note: active.hr = if individual is active or inactive, based on threshold defined in Mallon et al. 2020 mspeed = mean speed during active hours n.hrs = number of location hours per day dsunrise.min = first activity, relative to sunrise dsunset.max = last activity, relative to sunset midday.speed = hourly speed nearest to solar noon prop.diel = proportion of active hours between sunrise and sunset n.periods.activity = number of movement bouts activity.dur = mean duration of movement bouts r2n = maximum net squared displacement from the beginning of the day (m) mean.r2n = mean net squared displacement from the beginning of the day (m) median.r2n = median net squared displacement from the beginning of the day (m