Tracking Salmonella-Specific CD4 T Cells In Vivo Reveals a Local Mucosal Response to a Disseminated Infection

AbstractA novel adoptive transfer system was used to track the fate of naive Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells in vivo. These cells showed signs of activation in the Peyer's patches as early as 3 hr after oral infection. The activated CD4 T cells then produced IL-2 and proliferated in the T cell areas of these tissues before migrating into the B cell-rich follicles. In contrast, Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells were not activated in the spleen and very few of these cells migrated to the liver, despite the presence of bacteria in both organs. These results show that the T cell response to pathogenic Salmonella infection is localized to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and does not extend efficiently to the major sites of late infection

Risk-Sensitive Diagnosis and the Role of Neural Networks

Diagnostic problem solving, whether it be fault-diagnosis in an engineering system or diagnosis of a disease in human beings, is a prime example of decision making in the face of uncertainty. Frequently, many different outcomes may correspond to an identical set of measured data or symptoms. The converse may also be true, that any given diagnosis may correspond to a number of distinct sets of diagnostic data. In addition, the data themselves may be imprecise adding to the overall uncertainty in the reasoning process, making it probablistic in nature. These factors can often be the cause of poor diagnostic accuracy and in part responsible for the difficulty in developing useful and usable diagnostic support systems. Furthermore, it would be unusual for diagnostic errors to be viewed as equally acceptable. For example, a large number of false alarms may be tolerable in the dignosis of heart attack when the decision to be made is simply admit to hospital or not. The level of acceptability changes though, when the decision to be made is whether or not to administer potentially life-threatening drugs. Evidently, the risk associated with an incorrect diagnosis is crucial to making a decision about treatment...........

Application of the Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network Model to Medical Pattern Classification Tasks

This paper presents research into the application of the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network model to medical pattern classification tasks. A number of domains, both diagnostic and prognostic, are considered. Each such domain highlights a particularly useful aspect of the model. The first, coronary care patient prognosis, demonstrates the ATMAP voting strategy involving "pooled" decision-making using a number of networks, each of which has learned a slightly different mapping of input features to pattern classes. The second domain, breast cancer diagnosis, demonstrates the model's symbolic rule extraction capabilities which support the validation and explanation of a network's predictions. The final domain, diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, demonstrates a novel category pruning technique allowing the performance of a trained network to be altered so far as to favour predictions of one class over another (e.g. trading sensitivity for specificity or vice versa). It also introduces a "cascaded" variant of the voting strategy intended to allow identification of a subset of cases which the network has a very high certainty of classifying correctly

The e-interview in qualitative research

In this chapter the authors consider using email as a method for carrying out in-depth, qualitative research interviews. Prompted by an experience of conducting e-interviews, they set out some of their key characteristics, embedding their discussion in the methodological and conceptual literature on qualitative interview and on-line research. The authors then offer a methodological consideration of e-interviewing, focusing on three broad areas: the practical, the interpersonal, and the ethical, highlighting the ways in which e-interviewing transforms aspects of each. They end by offering a view of the future of e-interviewing in the broader landscape of on-line qualitative research methods in general and interviewing in particular

Spatially band-tunable color-cone lasing emission in a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant

[[abstract]]This study investigates a spatially band-tunable color-cone lasing emission (CCLE) based on a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant (IBM). Experimental results show that the lasing band of the formed CCLE of the cell with a photoinduced pitch gradient can be spatially tuned among various color regions by adjusting the pumped position of the cell. The spatially band tunability of the laser results from the UV-irradiation-induced decrease of the helical twisting power of IBM via trans→cis isomerization, accordingly shrinking the pitch of the cholesteric-liquid-crystal host. The total spatially tunable wavelength range for the laser exceeds 100 nm

Color cone lasing emission in a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a single pitch

[[abstract]]This work investigates a novel color cone lasing emission (CCLE) based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal-like dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (DDCLC) film with a single pitch. The lasing wavelength in the CCLE is distributed continuously at 676.7–595.6 nm, as measured at a continuously increasing oblique angle relative to the helical axis of 0–50°. This work demonstrates that lasing wavelength coincides exactly with the wavelength at the long wavelength edge of the CLC reflection band at oblique angles of 0-50°. Simulation results of dispersion relations at different oblique angles using Berreman’s 4×4 matrix method agrees closely with experimental results. Some unique and important features of the CCLE are identified and discussed

Ophthalmic Pathology an Illustrated Guide for Clinicians

Weng Sehu dan William Lee telah menghasilkan kumpulan informasi yang unik, membentuk Patologi Mata dan CD-Rom interaktif yang menyertainya menjadi alat bantu revisi dan buku referensi penting yang harus dimiliki untuk dokter mata dalam pelatihan, guru, dan dokter mata klinis di seluruh dunia. Ophthalmic Pathology adalah buku teks yang ringkas, namun informatif, dan ramah pengguna yang koleksi gambarnya yang tak tertandingi akan lebih dari memenuhi harapan komunitas oftalmologi.Malden, Massachussetsix, 278 hlm.: ill., index; 30x21c