Unemployment Compensation and High European Unemployment: A Reassessment with New Benefit Indicators

Generous unemployment benefits lie at the heart of the conventional explanation for persistent high unemployment. The effects of benefit generosity are more ambiguous in a broader behavioral framework in which workers get substantial disutility from unemployment controlling for income, and know that unemployment has scarring effects in the future. The micro evidence suggests modest effects of changes in generosity, but there are reasons to doubt that the impacts on national unemployment rates are consequential. The strongest evidence for the orthodox prediction comes from cross-country regressions on the OECD’s gross replacement rate (GRR), but we find little support in the pattern of annual changes in the GRR and the unemployment rate for OECD countries over the last three decades. We take advantage of newly released and much improved net replacement rate indicators from the OECD, which show little correlation with either the GRRs or with unemployment and employment rates. The evidence does not offer compelling support for the view that benefit generosity is at the root of high European unemployment. ��

Risks at work: the demand and supply sides of government redistribution

To understand how the welfare state adjusts to economic shocks it is important to explain both the genesis of popular preferences and the institutional incentives of governments to respond to these preferences. This paper attempts to do both, using a general theoretical framework and detailed data at both the individual and national levels. In a first step, we focus on how risk exposure and income are related to preferences for redistribution. To test our hypotheses, we extract detailed risk exposure measures from labor force surveys and marry them to cross-national survey data. In a second step, we turn our attention to the supply side of government redistribution. Institutions, we argue, mediate governments’ reactions to redistributional demands following economic shocks. Using time-series cross-country data, we demonstrate how national training systems, electoral institutions as well as government partisanship shape government responses. -- Um zu verstehen, wie Wohlfahrtsstaaten auf ökonomische Schocks reagieren, ist es wichtig, sowohl die Nachfrage- als auch die Angebotsseite von Umverteilung zu analysieren. Wie entstehen Umverteilungs-Präferenzen in der Bevölkerung? Welche institutionellen Anreize haben Regierungen, darauf zu reagieren? Das vorliegende Papier wendet einen generellen theoretischen Rahmen und umfangreiche Individual- und Aggregat-Daten an, um diesen Fragen nachzugehen. Dazu wird zuerst analysiert, wie Risiken im Arbeitsmarkt und das Einkommen Umverteilungs-Präferenzen von Individuen beeinflussen. Die abgeleiteten Hypothesen werden an neuen Datensätzen getestet. Diese kombinieren Informationen von Arbeitsmarkterhebungen und Umfrage-Daten für mehrere Länder und Jahre. In Sachen Angebotsseite wird argumentiert, dass unterschiedliche Regierungen auf ökonomische Schocks unterschiedlich reagieren, abhängig von Institutionen. Das Papier testet diese und andere Hypothesen auf der Aggregatsebene anhand von vergleichenden Zeitreihen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Art und Weise, wie Regierungen auf ökonomische Schocks reagieren, von Ausbildungs- und Wahlsystemen sowie der parteipolitischen Färbung der Regierung mitbestimmt werden.Public Opinion,Preferences,Redistribution,Varieties of Capitalism,Partisanship,Unemployment,Occupations

Study of vibrational excitation mechanisms of CO2 at high temperatures

Calculating vibrational excitation of CO2 for anharmonic coupling and normal mode at high temperatur

Study of vibrational excitation mechanisms of carbon dioxide at high temperatures

Vibrational relaxation models of carbon dioxide at high temperature

Subcooled boiling in a negligible gravity field final report

Forces acting on bubble formed in nucleate boiling and effect of gravity on removal of vapor bubble from heated surfac

Low Mach Number Modeling of Type Ia Supernovae

We introduce a low Mach number equation set for the large-scale numerical simulation of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs experiencing a thermonuclear deflagration. Since most of the interesting physics in a Type Ia supernova transpires at Mach numbers from 0.01 to 0.1, such an approach enables both a considerable increase in accuracy and savings in computer time compared with frequently used compressible codes. Our equation set is derived from the fully compressible equations using low Mach number asymptotics, but without any restriction on the size of perturbations in density or temperature. Comparisons with simulations that use the fully compressible equations validate the low Mach number model in regimes where both are applicable. Comparisons to simulations based on the more traditional anelastic approximation also demonstrate the agreement of these models in the regime for which the anelastic approximation is valid. For low Mach number flows with potentially finite amplitude variations in density and temperature, the low Mach number model overcomes the limitations of each of the more traditional models and can serve as the basis for an accurate and efficient simulation tool.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal 31 pages, 5 figures (some figures degraded in quality to conserve space

Influence of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Sulfur on Production of Malting Barley

Studies in north-central Nebraska from 1975 through 1977: 1. Evaluated the malting barley production potential of the irrigated sandy soils of the region. 2. Measured the effect of application of N and S on yield and quality of barley grown for malting purposes. 3. Investigated the ability of N analysis of barley in the vegetative stage to predict protein content of grain at harvest. Data gathered lead to the following conclusions: 1. The potential for production of malting barley on irrigated sandy soils of north-central Nebraska is limited. 2. Yields increased with the application of fertilizer N throughout the study although response varied with site and variety. 3. Application of fertilizer S had no effect on yield throughout the study. 4. Application of N increased the protein content of all grain varieties studied by approximately 2 to 3 percent. 5. Analysis of plant material collected at the boot stage for N provided a reliable indication of the grain protein content

El papel de los síndromes culturales y los remedios tradicionales mexicanos en la promoción de salud de los niños

Purpose: To describe the context in which culture-bound syndromes that mothers of Mexican descent believed affected child wellness and describe how they restored health when these syndromes affected their children. Design: The findings of this come from a larger study that focused on the health promotion and protection practices used by mothers of Mexican descent in urban Texas A naturalistic design, using Spradley’s ethnographic interview techniques and participant observations, was selected to explore and describe the child health promotion and protection practices, including culture-bound syndromes, used by mothers of Mexican origin.   Method: Data collection consisted of 21 ethnographic interviews enhanced by focused home observations with nine Spanish speaking mothers.   Results: To these group of mothers, the culture-bound syndromes of empacho, fright and evil eye could affect children’s eating and sleep patterns, thereby causing an imbalance in a child’s wellbeing. Therefore the participants believed that they had be mindful of culture-bound syndromes that affected their children’s health and take care of those syndromes by using folk remedies to restore balance in their children’s’ wellbeing. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide an in-depth description of culture-bound syndromes and the folk remedies which mother of Mexican descent used to promote and protect the health of their preschool children. This knowledge provides a framework for healthcare professionals to use when working with mothers of Mexican descent who may be using folk healing to promote and protect the health of their children.Objetivo: Describir el contexto en el que los síndromes culturales de las madres de ascendencia mexicana creían que afectaban a la salud infantil y describir cómo ellas mejoraban la salud cuando estos síndromes afectaban a sus hijos. Diseño: Los resultados de este estudio se basan en una amplia investigación que se centró en la promoción de la salud y las prácticas de protección usadas por las madres de ascendencia mexicana en la ciudad de Texas. Se seleccionó un diseño naturalista, mediante las técnicas de entrevistas etnográficas de Spradley y observaciones de los participantes,  para explorar y describir la promoción de la salud infantil y las prácticas de protección, incluyendo los síndromes culturales usados por las madres de origen mexicano. Método: La recopilación de los datos consistió en 21 entrevistas etnográficas mejoradas por el enfoque de las observaciones en hogares con 9 madres de habla hispana. Resultados: Para este grupo de mujeres, los síndromes culturales del “empacho”, “mal de ojo” y “susto” podían provocar trastornos alimenticios y del sueño, causando un desajuste en el bienestar del niño. Además, las participantes creían que ellas tenían que ser conscientes de los síndromes culturales que afectaban a la salud de sus hijos y cuidar aquellos síndromes usando remedios tradicionales para promocionar y proteger la salud de sus niños. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio ofrecen una descripción en profundidad de los síndromes culturales y los remedios tradicionales que las madres de ascendencia mexicana usaban para promocionar y proteger la salud de sus niños. Este conocimiento ofrece un marco para que los profesionales de la salud lo usen cuando trabajen con madres de ascendencia mexicana que pueden estar usando este tipo de medios para cuidar a sus hijos

Legal Consequences of Apologizing

This article discusses the legal consequences of saying you are sorry, whether as an apology or an expression of sympathy. It discusses questions such as whether an apology is understood to be an admission of guilt, whether an apology fulfills any elements of a tort, how an apology can be useful for avoiding litigation, how an expression of sympathy should be worded to minimize the possibility that it could be misunderstood to be an admission of guilt, and why someone who is guilty of some error should apologize without concern that this would make their situation worse. It analyzes various apologies in the context of medical malpractice, attorney discipline, and correcting mistakes at trial

Systematics of heavy-ion fusion hindrance at extreme sub-barrier energies

The recent discovery of hindrance in heavy-ion induced fusion reactions at extreme sub-barrier energies represents a challenge for theoretical models. Previously, it has been shown that in medium-heavy systems, the onset of fusion hindrance depends strongly on the "stiffness" of the nuclei in the entrance channel. In this work, we explore its dependence on the total mass and the $Q$-value of the fusing systems and find that the fusion hindrance depends in a systematic way on the entrance channel properties over a wide range of systems.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., 5 pages, 3 figure