On the theory of solitons of fluid pressure and solute density in geologic porous media, with applications to shale, clay and sandstone

In this paper we propose the application of a new model of transients of pore pressure p and solute density \r{ho} in geologic porous media. This model is rooted in the non-linear waves theory, the focus of which is advection and effect of large pressure jumps on strain (due to large p in a non-linear version of the Hooke law). It strictly relates p and \r{ho} evolving under the effect of a strong external stress. As a result, the presence of quick and sharp transients in low permeability rocks is unveiled, i.e. the non-linear Burgers solitons. We therefore propose that the actual transport process in porous rocks for large signals is not the linear diffusion, but could be governed by solitons. A test of an eventual presence of solitons in a rock is here proposed, and then applied to Pierre Shale, Bearpaw Shale, Boom Clay and Oznam-Mugu silt and clay. A quick analysis showing the presence of solitons for nuclear waste disposal and salty water intrusions is also analyzed. Finally, in a kind of "theoretical experiment" we show that solitons could also be present in Jordan and St. Peter sandstones, thus suggesting the occurrence of osmosis in these rocks

Towards a Theory of Solitary Shock Waves of Fluid Pressure and Solute Density in Geologic Porous Media

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On the propagation of nonlinear transients of temperature and pore pressure in a thin porous boundary layer between two rocks.

The dynamics of transients of fluid-rock temperature, pore pressure, pollutants in porous rocks are of vivid interest for fundamental problems in hydrological, volcanic, hydrocarbon systems, deep oil drilling. This can concern rapid landslides or the fault weakening during coseismic slips and also a new field of research about stability of classical buildings. Here we analyze the transient evolution of temperature and pressure in a thin boundary layer between two adjacent homogeneous media for various types of rocks. In previous models, this boundary was often assumed to be a sharp mathematical plane. Here we consider a non-sharp, physical boundary between two adjacent rocks, where also local steady pore pressure and/or temperature fields are present. To obtain a more reliable model we also investigate the role of nonlinear effects as convection and fluid-rock “frictions”, often disregarded in early models: these nonlinear effects in some cases can give remarkable quick and sharp transients. All of this implies a novel model, whose solutions describe large, sharp and quick fronts. We also rapidly describe transients moving through a particularly irregular boundary layer

Solid-phase arsenic speciation in aquifer sediments: A micro-X-ray absorption spectroscopy approach for quantifying trace-level speciation

Arsenic (As) is a geogenic contaminant affecting groundwater in geologically diverse systems globally. Arsenic release from aquifer sediments to groundwater is favored when biogeochemical conditions, especially oxidation-reduction (redox) potential, in aquifers fluctuate. The specific objective of this research is to identify the solid-phase sources and geochemical mechanisms of release of As in aquifers of the Des Moines Lobe glacial advance. The overarching concept is that conditions present at the aquifer-aquitard interfaces promote a suite of geochemical reactions leading to mineral alteration and release of As to groundwater. A microprobe X-ray absorption spectroscopy (μXAS) approach is developed and applied to rotosonic drill core samples to identify the solid-phase speciation of As in aquifer, aquitard, and aquifer-aquitard interface sediments. This approach addresses the low solid-phase As concentrations, as well as the fine-scale physical and chemical heterogeneity of the sediments. The spectroscopy data are analyzed using novel cosine-distance and correlation-distance hierarchical clustering for Fe 1s and As 1s μXAS datasets. The solid-phase Fe and As speciation is then interpreted using sediment and well-water chemical data to propose solid-phase As reservoirs and release mechanisms. The results confirm that in two of the three locations studied, the glacial sediment forming the aquitard is the source of As to the aquifer sediments. The results are consistent with three different As release mechanisms: (1) desorption from Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, (2) reductive dissolution of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, and (3) oxidative dissolution of Fe sulfides. The findings confirm that glacial sediments at the interface between aquifer and aquitard are geochemically active zones for As. The diversity of As release mechanisms is consistent with the geographic heterogeneity observed in the distribution of elevated-As wells

S-05 Hydrogeologic map of Minnesota, bedrock hydrogeology

Scale 1:3,168,000.Kanivetsky, R.. (1979). S-05 Hydrogeologic map of Minnesota, bedrock hydrogeology. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/60074

S-06 Hydrogeologic map of Minnesota, Quaternary hydrogeology

Scale 1:3,168,000.Kanivetsky, R.. (1979). S-06 Hydrogeologic map of Minnesota, Quaternary hydrogeology. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/60075

M-061 Major-constituent chemistry of selected Phanerozoic aquifers in Minnesota

Scales 1:1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000, 2 pls. PLATES: 1, Major-constituent chemistry of selected Phanerozoic aquifers in Minnesota: Cretaceous aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000, and Quaternary aquifer, 1:2,000,000; 2, Major-constituent chemistry of selected Phanerozoic aquifers in Minnesota: Cedar Valley-Maquoketa-Dubuque-Galena aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000, and Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000, and St. Peter aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000, and Prarie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000, and Mt. Simon-Hinckley-Fond du Lac aquifer, scale 1:1,000,000.Kanivetsky, R.. (1986). M-061 Major-constituent chemistry of selected Phanerozoic aquifers in Minnesota. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/60000

M-070 Distribution of arsenic in ground water and rocks, southwestern Minnesota

Scale 1 inch = 7.5 miles

On the propagation of nonlinear transients of temperature and pore pressure in a thin porous boundary layer between two rocks

The dynamics of transients of fluid-rock temperature, pore pressure, pollutants in porous rocks are of vivid interest for fundamental problems in hydrological, volcanic, hydrocarbon systems, deep oil drilling. This can concern rapid landslides or the fault weakening during coseismic slips and also a new field of research about stability of classical buildings. Here we analyze the transient evolution of temperature and pressure in a thin boundary layer between two adjacent homogeneous media for various types of rocks. In previous models, this boundary was often assumed to be a sharp mathematical plane. Here we consider a non-sharp, physical boundary between two adjacent rocks, where also local steady pore pressure and/or temperature fields are present. To obtain a more reliable model we also investigate the role of nonlinear effects as convection and fluid-rock “frictions”, often disregarded in early models: these nonlinear effects in some cases can give remarkable quick and sharp transients. All of this implies a novel model, whose solutions describe large, sharp and quick fronts. We also rapidly describe transients moving through a particularly irregular boundary layer

OFR91-05, Geologic factors affecting the sensitivity of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer

Geologic factors affecting the pollution sensitivity of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer including overlying glacial drift, scale 1:853,000. Plate 1 is unavailable.Setterholm, D.R.; Runkel, A.C.; Cleland, J.M.; Tipping, R.G.; Mossler, J.H.; Kanivetsky, R.; Hobbs, H.C.. (1991). OFR91-05, Geologic factors affecting the sensitivity of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/122055