The temperature dependence of the response of 103a-0 and Tri-X at 4400 A

Temperature effects on 103a-0 and Tri-X photographic emulsion sensitivities at 4400

Work Towards a (New) Definition of Peace Constitution

Current research on peace constitutions generally centers on Japan’s post-World War II pacifist constitution, specifically Article 9 where Japan renounces war, dissolves its military, and vows to work towards peace in the world. In fact, researching peace constitution (or 平和憲法 in Japanese) in books, academic journals, or on the Internet routinely returns only results about Japan and its Article 9. While a substantial body of work exists about Japan’s peace constitution, too often that body of work fails to make connections between Japan’s peace constitution and other states’ constitutions containing similar peace articles. Occasionally, the literature mentions Italy’s Article 11 or Germany’s Article 26 in connection with peace constitutions; but overall, scholars have mainly been concerned with Article 9. Yet many other countries have similar constitutional provisions, including Italy and Germany, both of which have constitutionally renounced waging aggressive wars, and Costa Rica, which has constitutionally abolished its military. Nevertheless, the peace constitutions, of these countries, along with many others’, receive even less attention from the public, academia, and political leaders than Japan’s.Because of this, contemporary knowledge of peace constitutions is not based on comprehensive surveys of states with peace constitutions, but rather on a body of research that overwhelmingly focuses on Japan’s constitution. Few studies to date, especially in English, have been written about peace constitutions beyond Japan’s, nor attempted to understand differences among thevarious kinds of peace constitution or to define peace constitutions. This paper seeks to fill the void of work on peace constitutions by thoroughly surveying state constitutions–beyond Japan’s constitution–with a critical focus on better understanding what peace constitutions are and what elements they consist of, identifying countries that have peace constitutions, and on examining how these peace constitutions and the states by which they were authored have contributed to the creation of a global culture of peace.This paper looks at nearly 100 state constitutions from around the world, and finds that peace constitutions in a total of 35 different countries explicitly establish a commitment for the state and its people to work towards creating a global culture of peace through policies and actions that seriously restrict or limit military action, war, and violent solutions to state conflicts, and instead embrace peace, international law, and human rights. This research project also offers one of the first definitions of peace constitutions. Even though past research has offered categorizations of various kinds of peace constitutions,this paper argues that a definition is necessary to understand exactly what peace constitutions are, as well as their impact on constitutional law and international relations. Lastly, this research provides one of the first extensive collections of texts of peace constitutions, allowing side-by-side comparisons of the language used to promote peace within various constitutional frameworks.This paper provides a start for a comprehensive study of peace constitutions, and it provides fresh information as well as a foundation for future, more in-depth studies on the important role of peace constitutions as a mechanism for realizing global peace

A fundamental approach to the sticking of insect residues to aircraft wings

A proposed testing scheme is described for obtaining data on the effects of surface roughness and surface energy on insect adhesion. The road test apparatus is discussed as well as surface preparation techniques. Uncoated and polymer coated metal substrates were analyzed by SEM/ESCA/IRS before and following collision with insects. Critical surface tensions of unexposed Nyebar and poly sulfone coatings were 10 and 33 dynes/cm, respectively, as determined from contact angles. A total of 95% of insect residues collected belong to order Diptera. Significantly less insect debris was detected on the coated plates as compared to the uncoated plates. Minimal contamination at the 5 nm level of both coated and uncoated plates occurs even after hours of exposure to road conditions as determined by ESCA analysis. The presence of nitrogen detected by ESCA on exposed plates is unequivocal evidence for insect residues left on plates

Some properties of canonical correlations and variates in infinite dimensions

AbstractIn this paper the notion of functional canonical correlation as a maximum of correlations of linear functionals is explored. It is shown that the population functional canonical correlation is in general well defined, but that it is a supremum rather than a maximum, so that a pair of canonical variates may not exist in the spaces considered. Also the relation with the maximum eigenvalue of an associated pair of operators and the corresponding eigenvectors is not in general valid. When the inverses of the operators involved are regularized, however, all of the above properties are restored. Relations between the actual population quantities and their regularized versions are also established. The sample functional canonical correlations can be regularized in a similar way, and consistency is shown at a fixed level of the regularization parameter

The use of preexposure treatments for HIV prophylaxis

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus remains a global concern with a significant number of incident infections still reported worldwide. The use of prophylaxis prior to exposure to the virus to prevent infection has been a growing area of recent research. Results in nonhuman primates and clinical trials in high-risk patient populations using preexposure prophylaxis have shown promising results in terms of efficacy and safety, especially relating to oral preexposure prophylaxis. The potential use of oral antiretroviral agents traditionally used for human immunodeficiency virus treatment as prophylaxis raises interesting considerations, such as the best agents available for such a role, long-term safety in healthy individuals, and the potential development of resistance to these agents should infection occur. From a public health perspective, the cost-effectiveness of implementing this preventive strategy has not been fully defined at this point in time

Clinical use of CCR5 inhibitors in HIV and beyond

Since the discovery of CCR5 as a coreceptor for HIV entry, there has been interest in blockade of the receptor for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Although several CCR5 antagonists have been evaluated in clinical trials, only maraviroc has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. The efficacy, safety and resistance profile of CCR5 antagonists with a focus on maraviroc are reviewed here along with their usage in special and emerging clinical situations. Despite being approved for use since 2007, the optimal use of maraviroc has yet to be well-defined in HIV and potentially in other diseases. Maraviroc and other CCR5 antagonists have the potential for use in a variety of other clinical situations such as the prevention of HIV transmission, intensification of HIV treatment and prevention of rejection in organ transplantation. The use of CCR5 antagonists may be potentiated by other agents such as rapamycin which downregulate CCR5 receptors thus decreasing CCR5 density. There may even be a role for their use in combination with other entry inhibitors. However, clinical use of CCR5 antagonists may have negative consequences in diseases such as West Nile and Tick-borne encephalitis virus infections. In summary, CCR5 antagonists have great therapeutic potential in the treatment and prevention of HIV as well as future use in novel situations such as organ transplantation. Their optimal use either alone or in combination with other agents will be defined by further investigation

Ignatius of Antioch and the Arian Controversy

The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate the presence of a fourth-century controversy surrounding the second-century Christian martyr Ignatius of Antioch. Scholars are well acquainted with the Ignatian controversy of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. This thesis will show that many years before there existed another controversy over Ignatius of Antioch. During the fourth century, representatives of both Nicene and non-Nicene Christologies sought to conscript Ignatius in order to defend their understanding of orthodox Christianity. I will expose this nasty fight via the narrative found in the next five chapters. In the opening chapter, I will marshal textual evidence that leads to the conclusion that the Ignatian middle recension is riddled with textual alterations introduced by proponents of Nicene Christology. In chapters two and three, I will argue that the Ignatian long recension represents a response to these Nicene alterations by a Non- Nicene individual or party that possessed a Christology compatible with the Ekthesis Macrostichos creed of Antioch 344. I will demonstrate that both the Ignatian long reension and the Macrostichos understand Jesus to be equal with God as well as subordinate to God. Chapter four will catalogue the embrace of Ignatius of Antioch by a variety of fourth-century Christian leaders, with a focus on the Nicene Athanasius of Alexandria and the non-Nicene Eusebius of Caesarea. The concluding chapter will direct attention to John Chrysostom‟s sermon In sanctum Ignatium martyrem. The evidence leads me to conclude that by the end of the fourth century Ignatius of Antioch had become such a controversial figure that Chrysostom felt the need to defend Ignatius‟ character before he could put forth Ignaitus as a model for Antiochene Chrisitans to emulate. There has been much scholarly work devoted to Ignatius of Antioch and there has been much scholarly work devoted to the Arian controversy. Until now, this personality and this controversy have not been brought together for close inspection

Gametogenesis and Spawning of Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta in Southeast Florida, USA

This study constitutes the first report of the gametogenic cycle of the scleractinian corals Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta. Tissue samples were collected near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA between July 2008 and November 2009 and processed for histological examination in an effort to determine reproductive mode and potential spawning times. Both S. bournoni and S. intersepta are gonochoric, broadcast spawning species. Gametogenesis of S. bournoni began in April or May while S. intersepta had a much longer oogenic cycle that began in December with spermatogenesis beginning in July. Though spawning was not observed in situ, spawning was inferred from the decrease of late stage gametes in histological samples. In addition, histological observations of oocyte resorption and released spermatozoa were used to corroborate spawning times. Data indicate that S. bournoni spawns in September while S. intersepta spawns after the full moon in late August or early Septemb