370 research outputs found
Examining Child Sex as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Cortisol Reactivity and Symptoms Over Time
Femalesâ reactivity to stress appears to be closely tied to internalizing symptoms, while males who are under-reactive may be at risk for externalizing problems. Little is known about when such differences emerge, despite possible implications for early prevention. Cortisol reactivity to a laboratory stressor was assessed in 409 three-year-old children along with childrenâs parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms, which were re-collected at child ages 5 and 8. Multilevel modelling was used to investigate whether the relationship between cortisol reactivity and symptoms differed between boys and girls longitudinally. Over time, girls with lower cortisol reactivity showed a decrease in depressive symptoms while girls with higher reactivity showed relatively elevated symptoms. Boys with higher cortisol reactivity showed a decrease in externalizing problems; boys with lower reactivity remained relatively stable in such symptoms. Findings suggest sex differences in childrenâs stress reactivity, with implications for the later manifestation of symptoms across childhood
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Safeguarding in international development research: evidence review
This evidence review, undertaken in March-April 2019 by a team led by Dr David Orr at the University of Sussex, aims toâŻcharacteriseâŻthe nature of safeguarding issuesâŻand challengesâŻthatâŻmayâŻarise in the specific context of international development research,âŻidentifyâŻexisting guidanceâŻandâŻreviewâŻitsâŻimplementation.
This rapid review was guided by two overarching questions:
1.What is known about the prevalence and nature of vulnerability, power imbalances, and safeguarding concerns within international development research?
2.How is safeguarding currently addressed within international development research, what is the evidence on how fit for purpose it is, and what models of good practice can be identified?
A draft set of principlesâŻand best practiceâŻguidance, drawn from the findings of this evidence review,âŻare set out in this 10 page briefing paper
Imaging characteristics and treatment of a penetrating brain injury caused by an oropharyngeal foreign body in a dog
A 4-year-old Border collie was presented with one episode of collapse, altered mentation, and a suspected pharyngeal stick injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography showed a linear foreign body penetrating the right oropharynx, through the foramen ovale and the brain parenchyma. The foreign body was surgically removed and medical treatment initiated. Complete resolution of clinical signs was noted at recheck 8 weeks later. Repeat MRI showed chronic secondary changes in the brain parenchyma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the advanced imaging findings and successful treatment of a penetrating oropharyngeal intracranial foreign body in a dog
Characterizing and Predicting Canadian Adolescentsâ Internalizing Symptoms In The First Year Of The COVID-19 Pandemic
To date, most longitudinal studies of adolescentsâ internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic include few time points, limiting knowledge about the long-term course of adolescentsâ mental health during the pandemic. Moreover, examining intraindividual variability in symptoms, which may have important implications for adolescentsâ adjustment beyond mean or âtypicalâ symptoms, requires multiple time points. We examined the course of internalizing symptoms in 271 Ontario adolescents (mean n = 193 across time points) during the first year of the pandemic (March 2020âApril 2021) via mixed-effect location scale models, drawing upon established internalizing symptom risk factors as predictors of mean trends and intraindividual variability. Adolescentsâ internalizing symptoms were relatively stable and generally low over the first year of the pandemic, with severity peaking in February and April 2021. Girls showed more symptoms on average and greater intraindividual variability in symptoms. Parentsâ depressive symptoms predicted intraindividual variability in adolescentsâ anxious and depressive symptoms. Adolescentsâ symptoms were stable and generally below clinical cutoffs. However, female adolescents and those whose parents experienced more depressive symptoms were most vulnerable to the stress of the pandemic. Implications for intervention and prevention efforts are discussed
Liver Parasites and Body Condition in Relation to Environmental Contaminants in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) from Labrador, Canada
Over the last several decades, elders and hunters of the Innu Nation in Labrador, Canada, have expressed concerns over perceived declines in environmental health and the integrity of country food, including caribou. The primary objective of this study was to determine links between specific health parameters and contaminants found in caribou from the George River herd. Twenty-seven caribou killed by local Innu hunters between February and December 2001 were evaluated for gross and microscopic pathology, body condition, liver parasitology, and contaminant levels in kidney and fat. Overall, the sampled caribou appeared to be in adequate body condition for the time of year, and no clinically significant lesions were found. Concentrations of selenium, metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb), 20 organochlorine pesticides (HCB, a-HCH, g-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor, mirex, a- and b-endosulfan, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, g-CHL, cis-CHL, trans-nonachlor, and o,p'- and p,p'-DDD, DDE, DDT), and 24 PCB congeners were within the ranges reported for caribou in Canada. In general, contaminant levels were relatively low, with the exception of cadmium in kidneys (geometric mean: 6.5 ÎŒg/g wet weight; range: 1.5â44.0 ÎŒg/g). Two types of liver parasites were found: the liver fluke Fascioloides magna (prevalence: 78%; geometric mean abundance: 4.2 flukes/caribou) and a tapeworm larva consistent with Taenia hydatigena (prevalence: 50%; geometric mean abundance: 0.6 larvae/caribou). Using multiple variable regression analysis, we found renal concentrations of cadmium to be positively associated, and selenium to be negatively associated, with F. magna abundance.Ces derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, les aĂźnĂ©s et les chasseurs de la nation montagnaise du Labrador, au Canada, ont exprimĂ© des inquiĂ©tudes au sujet du dĂ©clin de la santĂ© de lâenvironnement et de lâintĂ©gritĂ© de la nourriture provenant de la campagne, telle que le caribou. Lâobjectif principal de cette Ă©tude consistait Ă dĂ©terminer les liens qui existent entre certains paramĂštres de santĂ© prĂ©cis et les contaminants se trouvant dans le caribou du troupeau de la riviĂšre George. Vingt-sept caribous ayant Ă©tĂ© tuĂ©s par les chasseurs montagnais de la rĂ©gion entre les mois de fĂ©vrier et de dĂ©cembre 2001 ont subi des examens pathologiques macroscopiques et microscopiques, en plus dâavoir Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s pour en dĂ©terminer lâĂ©tat du corps, la parasitologie du foie et les taux de contaminants dans le foie et le gras. Dans lâensemble, lâĂ©tat des corps de caribous Ă©chantillonnĂ©s semblait adĂ©quat pour cette pĂ©riode de lâannĂ©e et aucune lĂ©sion clinique importante nâa Ă©tĂ© signalĂ©e. Les concentrations de sĂ©lĂ©nium, de mĂ©taux (Hg, Cd et Pb), de 20 pesticides organochlorĂ©s (HCB, a-HCH, g-HCH, aldrine, dieldrine, mĂ©thoxychlore, mirex, a- et b-endosulfane, heptachlore, heptachlorĂ©poxyde, g-CHL, cis-CHL, trans-nonachlore ainsi que o,p'- et p,p'-DDD, DDE, DDT) et de 24 congĂ©nĂšres de PCB sâĂ©tablissaient dans les Ă©tendues signalĂ©es pour le caribou au Canada. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, les niveaux de contaminants Ă©taient relativement faibles, Ă lâexception du cadmium se trouvant dans les reins (moyenne gĂ©ometrique : 6,5 ÎŒg/g poids humide; Ă©tendue : 1,5â44,0 mg/g). Deux types de parasites du foie ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s : la douve Fascioloides magna (prĂ©valence : 78 %; abondance moyenne gĂ©omĂ©trique : 4,2 douves/caribou) et un cestode du genre Taenia hydatigena (prĂ©valence : 50 %; abondance moyenne gĂ©omĂ©trique : 0,6 larves/caribou). Nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ© une analyse de rĂ©gression Ă variables multiples qui nous a permis de constater que les concentrations de cadmium sont positivement associĂ©es et celles de sĂ©lĂ©nium sont nĂ©gativement associĂ©es Ă lâabondance de F. magna
Children\u27s neural reactivity to maternal praise and criticism: Associations with early depressive symptoms and maternal depression
Caregiving experiences are implicated in children\u27s depression risk; however, children\u27s neural reactivity to positive and negative feedback from mothers, a potential mediator of depression risk, is poorly understood. In a sample of 81 children
Maternal Depression, Child Temperament, and Early-Life Stress Predict Never-Depressed Preadolescentsâ Functional Connectivity During a Negative-Mood Induction
Understanding the development of depression can inform etiology and prevention/intervention. Maternal depression and maladaptive patterns of temperament (e.g., low positive emotionality [PE] or high negative emotionality, especially sadness) are known to predict depression. Although it is unclear how these risks cause depression, altered functional connectivity (FC) during negative-emotion processing may play an important role. We investigated whether maternal depression and age-3 emotionality predicted FC during negative mood reactivity in never-depressed preadolescents and whether these relationships were augmented by early-life stress. Maternal depression predicted decreased medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)âamygdala and mPFCâinsula FC but increased mPFCâposterior cingulate cortex (PCC) FC. PE predicted increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortexâamygdala FC, whereas sadness predicted increased PCC-based FC in insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Sadness was more strongly associated with PCCâinsula and PCCâACC FC as early stress increased. Findings indicate that early depression risks may be mediated by FC underlying negative-emotion processing
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