2,207 research outputs found
Witches, heathens and shamans: Religious experience and gender identity among contemporary Pagans in the United States.
This research explores the relationships between religious experience and gender identity among contemporary Pagans in America. Personal experience, specifically spiritual experience, is fundamental in how Pagans described not only their spirituality but also their identities. In a social context where the mind is viewed as sacred and the body as profane, contemporary Pagans are challenging hegemonic beliefs. Through linguistic adaptation and linguistic appropriation, men and women in the Pagan community outline new identities for themselves. In the same way that Pagans understand their spirituality through bodily experience, gender and sexuality are also understood through personal experience. Because of the primacy of experience contemporary Pagans have created new frames for understanding, discussing and validating forms of gender and sexuality that are often framed as alternative
Shear stress in lattice Boltzmann simulations
A thorough study of shear stress within the lattice Boltzmann method is
provided. Via standard multiscale Chapman-Enskog expansion we investigate the
dependence of the error in shear stress on grid resolution showing that the
shear stress obtained by the lattice Boltzmann method is second order accurate.
This convergence, however, is usually spoiled by the boundary conditions. It is
also investigated which value of the relaxation parameter minimizes the error.
Furthermore, for simulations using velocity boundary conditions, an artificial
mass increase is often observed. This is a consequence of the compressibility
of the lattice Boltzmann fluid. We investigate this issue and derive an
analytic expression for the time-dependence of the fluid density in terms of
the Reynolds number, Mach number and a geometric factor for the case of a
Poiseuille flow through a rectangular channel in three dimensions. Comparison
of the analytic expression with results of lattice Boltzmann simulations shows
excellent agreement.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 table
Recrystallization Simulation by Coupling of a Crystal Plasticity FEM with a Cellular Automaton Method
The report presents an approach for simulating primary static recrystallization which is based on coupling a viscoplastic crystal plasticity finite element model with a probabilistic kinetic cellular automaton. The crystal plasticity finite element model accounts for crystallographic slip and for the rotation of the crystal lattice during plastic deformation. The model uses space and time as independent variables and the crystal orientation and the accumulated slip as dependent variables. The ambiguity in the selection of the active slip systems is avoided by using a viscoplastic formulation which assumes that the slip rate on a slip system is related to the resolved shear stress through a power−law relation. The equations are cast in an updated Lagrangian framework. The model has been implemented as a user subroutine in the commercial finite element code Abaqus. The cellular automaton uses a switching rule which is formulated as a probabilistic analogue of the linearized symmetric Turnbull kinetic equation for the motion of sharp grain boundaries. The actual decision about a switching event is made using a Monte Carlo step. The automaton uses space and time as independent variables and the crystal orientation and a stored energy measure as dependent variables. The kinetics produced by the switching algorithm are scaled through the mesh size, the grain boundary mobility, and the driving force data. Coupling of the two models is realized by: translating the state variables used in the finite element plasticity model into state variables used in the cellular automaton; mapping the finite element integration point locations on the quadratic cellular automaton mesh; using the resulting cell size, maximum driving force and maximum grain boundary mobility occuring in the region for determining the length scale, time step, and local switching probabilities in the automaton; and identifying an appropriate nucleation criterion. The coupling method is applied to the simulation of texture and microstructure evolution in a heterogeneously deformed high purity aluminum polycrystal during static primary recrystallization considering local grain boundary mobilities and driving forces
Ab initio explanation of disorder and off-stoichiometry in Fe-Mn-Al-C kappa carbides
Carbides play a central role for the strength and ductility in many
materials. Simulating the impact of these precipitates on the mechanical
performance requires the knowledge about their atomic configuration. In
particular, the C content is often observed to substantially deviate from the
ideal stoichiometric composition. In the present work, we focus on Fe-Mn-Al-C
steels, for which we determined the composition of the nano-sized kappa
carbides (Fe,Mn)3AlC by atom probe tomography (APT) in comparison to larger
precipitates located in grain boundaries. Combining density functional theory
with thermodynamic concepts, we first determine the critical temperatures for
the presence of chemical and magentic disorder in these carbides. Secondly, the
experimentally observed reduction of the C content is explained as a compromise
between the gain in chemical energy during partitioning and the elastic strains
emerging in coherent microstructures
Computational Discovery of Energy-Efficient Heat Treatment for Microstructure Design using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is employed to develop autonomously
optimized and custom-designed heat-treatment processes that are both,
microstructure-sensitive and energy efficient. Different from conventional
supervised machine learning, DRL does not rely on static neural network
training from data alone, but a learning agent autonomously develops optimal
solutions, based on reward and penalty elements, with reduced or no
supervision. In our approach, a temperature-dependent Allen-Cahn model for
phase transformation is used as the environment for the DRL agent, serving as
the model world in which it gains experience and takes autonomous decisions.
The agent of the DRL algorithm is controlling the temperature of the system, as
a model furnace for heat-treatment of alloys. Microstructure goals are defined
for the agent based on the desired microstructure of the phases. After
training, the agent can generate temperature-time profiles for a variety of
initial microstructure states to reach the final desired microstructure state.
The agent's performance and the physical meaning of the heat-treatment profiles
generated are investigated in detail. In particular, the agent is capable of
controlling the temperature to reach the desired microstructure starting from a
variety of initial conditions. This capability of the agent in handling a
variety of conditions paves the way for using such an approach also for
recycling-oriented heat treatment process design where the initial composition
can vary from batch to batch, due to impurity intrusion, and also for the
design of energy-efficient heat treatments. For testing this hypothesis, an
agent without penalty on the total consumed energy is compared with one that
considers energy costs. The energy cost penalty is imposed as an additional
criterion on the agent for finding the optimal temperature-time profile
Low-energy monopole strength in exotic Nickel isotopes
Low-energy strength is predicted for the isoscalar monopole response of
neutron-rich Ni isotopes, in calculations performed using the microscopic
Skyrme HF+RPA and relativistic RHB+RQRPA models. Both models, although based on
different energy density functionals, predict the occurrence of pronounced
monopole states in the energy region between 10 MeV and 15 MeV, well separated
from the isoscalar GMR. The analysis of transition densities and corresponding
particle-hole configurations shows that these states represent almost pure
neutron single hole-particle excitations. Even though their location is not
modified with respect to the corresponding unperturbed states, their (Q)RPA
strength is considerably enhanced by the residual interaction. The theoretical
analysis predicts the gradual enhancement of low-energy monopole strength with
neutron excess.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Physical Review
Light as a chronobiologic countermeasure for long-duration space operations
Long-duration space missions require adaptation to work-rest schedules which are substantially shifted with respect to earth. Astronauts are expected to work in two-shift operations and the environmental synchronizers (zeitgebers) in a spacecraft differ significantly from those on earth. A study on circadian rhythms, sleep, and performance was conducted by exposing four subjects to 6 deg head-down tilt bedrest (to simulate the effects of the weightless condition) and imposing a 12-h shift (6 h delay per day for two days). Bright light was tested in a cross-over design as a countermeasure for achieving faster resynchronization and regaining stable conditions for sleep and circadian rhythmicity. Data collection included objective sleep recording, temperature, heart rate, and excretion of hormones and electrolytes as well as performance and responses to questionnaires. Even without a shift in the sleep-wake cycle, the sleep quantity, circadian amplitudes and 24 h means decreased in many functions under bedrest conditions. During the shift days, sleepiness and fatigue increased, and alertness decreased. However, sleep quantity was regained, and resynchronization was completed within seven days after the shift for almost all functions, irrespective of whether light was administered during day-time or night-time hours. The time of day of light exposure surprisingly appeared not to have a discriminatory effect on the resynchronization speed under shift and bedrest conditions. The results indicate that simulated weightlessness alters circadian rhythms and sleep, and that schedule changes induce additional physiological disruption with decreased subjective alertness and increased fatigue. Because of their operational implications, these phenomena deserve additional investigation
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