Regulating Airbnb: how cities deal with perceived negative externalities of short-term rentals

In recent years, home-sharing platform Airbnb has developed into a major player in the tourism sector. It allows tourists to have authentic, off-the-beaten-track experiences in neighbourhoods previously unvisited. Although neighbourhoods can profit from increased attention and income, Airbnb and other short-term rentals (STRs) can also be disruptive to the traditional lodging industry and trigger gentrification processes; housing affordability and availability are jeopardized when housing units are turned into vacation rentals. Local governments worldwide are struggling to regulate STRs and their negative externalities. This paper focuses on key challenges cities face when dealing with STR platforms and the rationale behind different regulatory approaches. It first compares policies of 11 Europea

NOV/CCN3 attenuates inflammatory pain through regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sustained neuroinflammation strongly contributes to the pathogenesis of pain. The clinical challenge of chronic pain relief led to the identification of molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and more recently matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as putative therapeutic targets. Evidence points to a founder member of the matricial CCN family, NOV/CCN3, as a modulator of these inflammatory mediators. We thus investigated the possible involvement of NOV in a preclinical model of persistent inflammatory pain.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced model of persistent inflammatory pain and cultured primary sensory neurons for <it>in vitro </it>experiments. The mRNA expression of NOV and pro-inflammatory factors were measured with real-time quantitative PCR, CCL2 protein expression was assessed using ELISA, MMP-2 and -9 activities using zymography. The effect of drugs on tactile allodynia was evaluated by the von Frey test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>NOV was expressed in neurons of both dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC). After intraplantar CFA injection, NOV levels were transiently and persistently down-regulated in the DRG and DHSC, respectively, occurring at the maintenance phase of pain (15 days). NOV-reduced expression was restored after treatment of CFA rats with dexamethasone. <it>In vitro</it>, results based on cultured DRG neurons showed that siRNA-mediated inhibition of NOV enhanced IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced MMP-2, MMP-9 and CCL2 expression whereas NOV addition inhibited TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression through β₁integrin engagement. <it>In vivo</it>, the intrathecal delivery of MMP-9 inhibitor attenuated mechanical allodynia of CFA rats. Importantly, intrathecal administration of NOV siRNA specifically led to an up-regulation of MMP-9 in the DRG and MMP-2 in the DHSC concomitant with increased mechanical allodynia. Finally, NOV intrathecal treatment specifically abolished the induction of MMP-9 in the DRG and, MMP-9 and MMP-2 in the DHSC of CFA rats. This inhibitory effect on MMP is associated with reduced mechanical allodynia.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study identifies NOV as a new actor against inflammatory pain through regulation of MMPs thus uncovering NOV as an attractive candidate for therapeutic improvement in pain relief.</p

Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Recurrences are common after antibiotic therapy. Actoxumab and bezlotoxumab are human monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins A and B, respectively. METHODS We conducted two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials, MODIFY I and MODIFY II, involving 2655 adults receiving oral standard-of-care antibiotics for primary or recurrent C. difficile infection. Participants received an infusion of bezlotoxumab (10 mg per kilogram of body weight), actoxumab plus bezlotoxumab (10 mg per kilogram each), or placebo; actoxumab alone (10 mg per kilogram) was given in MODIFY I but discontinued after a planned interim analysis. The primary end point was recurrent infection (new episode after initial clinical cure) within 12 weeks after infusion in the modified intention-to-treat population. RESULTS In both trials, the rate of recurrent C. difficile infection was significantly lower with bezlotoxumab alone than with placebo (MODIFY I: 17% [67 of 386] vs. 28% [109 of 395]; adjusted difference, −10.1 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], −15.9 to −4.3; P<0.001; MODIFY II: 16% [62 of 395] vs. 26% [97 of 378]; adjusted difference, −9.9 percentage points; 95% CI, −15.5 to −4.3; P<0.001) and was significantly lower with actoxumab plus bezlotoxumab than with placebo (MODIFY I: 16% [61 of 383] vs. 28% [109 of 395]; adjusted difference, −11.6 percentage points; 95% CI, −17.4 to −5.9; P<0.001; MODIFY II: 15% [58 of 390] vs. 26% [97 of 378]; adjusted difference, −10.7 percentage points; 95% CI, −16.4 to −5.1; P<0.001). In prespecified subgroup analyses (combined data set), rates of recurrent infection were lower in both groups that received bezlotoxumab than in the placebo group in subpopulations at high risk for recurrent infection or for an adverse outcome. The rates of initial clinical cure were 80% with bezlotoxumab alone, 73% with actoxumab plus bezlotoxumab, and 80% with placebo; the rates of sustained cure (initial clinical cure without recurrent infection in 12 weeks) were 64%, 58%, and 54%, respectively. The rates of adverse events were similar among these groups; the most common events were diarrhea and nausea. CONCLUSIONS Among participants receiving antibiotic treatment for primary or recurrent C. difficile infection, bezlotoxumab was associated with a substantially lower rate of recurrent infection than placebo and had a safety profile similar to that of placebo. The addition of actoxumab did not improve efficacy. (Funded by Merck; MODIFY I and MODIFY II ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01241552 and NCT01513239.

Urban struggle with Airbnb

Wereldwijd worstelen steden met het fenomeen Airbnb. Hoe kunnen ze profiteren van toenemende toeristische inkomsten zonder hun leefbaarheid en betaalbaarheid op het spel te zetten? Een onderzoek naar het beleid van elf Europese en Amerikaanse steden laat zien dat vooral handhaving van strenge regels lastig is

On Standby? But for How Long? The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on the Urban Poor of Sri Lanka

Crisis situations such as the pandemic we face right now, exacerbate existing inequalities and make the vulnerable even more susceptible to risks and shocks in their lives. This is all the more so in middle- and poor-income countries where inequalities are particularly manifest in their primate cities. Identifying those at-risk, in situations that are in a constant state of flux, shaped by past socio-economic ruptures, is challenging. Macro trends leading to a sharp fall in GDP as foreign exports and tourism have slumped due to a strongly reduced global demand, alongside severe restrictions in mobility for Sri Lankans - within the country and across national borders - have resulted in a sharp increase of debts, at both national and individual levels. Thereby COVID 19 re/creates disproportionate multi-dimensional inequalities on those who depend on global connections for their occupations, shaped by their geographical locations, intra-household gendered division of labour-both paid and un-paid-and the need to ensure continued access to all kinds of services to sustain their lives, be these quality health services, education for their children, or otherwise. Further, traditional social safety nets to help overcome crises at individual and household level are found to now be unable to provide required levels of social security because this crisis has affected so many at the same time. The pandemic is thus evolving into a major urban crisis, in which large cities are concomitantly struggling to contain the disease and mitigate its effects therein hampering the local population, notably those operating in the informal sector , from sustaining their livelihoods. Local city authorities are struggling to balance with their financial reserves and the instruments available this balance in effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, as a silver lining to the dark clouds of the pandemic, the crisis is also creating new opportunities for the more enterprising parts of an urban population. The booming gig economy and the emergence platform and social media-based enterprises are some examples to note. Nonetheless these are seldom initiated by the urban poor. Using findings from an online survey of 466 respondents from urban and non-urban Sri Lanka in March to April 2020, during the COVID 19 lockdown, this paper focuses on understanding gendered vulnerabilities of populations from diverse geographies in their current lived reality and their anxieties in coping with the current crisis. More specifically the article will analyse the impact of reduced individual and household incomes, dynamics of remittances support, anticipated changes in livelihood opportunities (including perceived job assurance) and ways of managing finances during lock-down