A preliminary dictionary of Maori gainwords compiled on historical principles

This thesis is a preliminary dictionary of Maori gainwords compiled on historical principles. It will serve as the starting point for a fully fledged historical dictionary of Maori gainwords. The sources are a selection of all those Maori language publications printed between the dates 1815 and 1899. A large number of source items were photocopied from other institutions, and the binding and subsequent availability of these was not always in the order wished for. The research therefore has its limitations (clearly indicated by the use of the word 'preliminary' in the thesis title). Full coverage of all printed Maori publications between 1815 and 1899 has not been possible. Despite this, this preliminary dictionary offers a good indication of the extent of new gainword vocabulary introduced within the time frame. This thesis suggests that the terms loanword and borrowing should be replaced by the new term gainword or gain, and that the process by which new items of vocabulary enter a language should be known as gaining .. 'Gaining' is a positive process, and the word 'gainword' is normally devoid of any negative connotations or implications of cultural imperialism. This thesis is the first extended scholarly research into Maori gainword lexicography. Although 'preliminary', the dictionary is the first devoted solely to Maori gainwords - previous dictionaries of Maori have had gainwords as appendices, or have listed small numbers of gainwords in their general corpus. This dictionary builds on those earlier dictionaries by giving gainwords their own dictionary. This thesis will indicate that nearly all new items of vocabulary introduced into Maori language during the period researched were introduced by English-speaking Pakeha. English-speaking (and some few French-speaking) Pakeha controlled the printed word for some considerable time - up until the first Maori-controlled publication, Te Hokioi in 1861, in fact most gainwords were therefore imposed. The frequency count for Maori-driven gains done for this thesis will give only some slight indication of Maori use and acceptance of gains between 1815 and 1899

Optimisation du pyroséquençage haut-débit pour caractériser la diversité taxonomique des communautés bactériennes des sols

National audienceLa diversité microbienne d’un sol (que l’on estime entre 100 000 et 1 000 000 d’espèces différentes par gramme de sol) est difficile à caractériser. Toutefois, d’importantes avancées en biologie moléculaire, comme le développement du pyroséquençage, ont permis d'obtenir plusieurs centaines de milliers de séquences à partir d’un ADN méta-génomique. Ces nouveaux développements permettent maintenant de caractériser la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol en se basant sur un marqueur phylogénétique comme l'ADNr 16S, aussi appelée MetaTaxogénomique (Maron et coll., 2011). Toutefois, dans un contexte ou l’écologie microbienne du sol commence à s’accaparer les échantillonnages de grande envergure (spatial et temporelle) afin de mieux hiérarchiser les processus et paramètres impliqués dans l'assemblage de ces communautés, il est nécessaire d’identifier tous les biais méthodologiques qui peuvent entraîner une faible robustesse et représentativité des résultats obtenus. Il est ainsi indispensable de réévaluer l’efficacité et la reproductibilité du protocole d'extraction d’ADN de sol en fonction des pré requis liés au pyroséquençage des gènes taxonomiques (Terrat et coll., 2011). Il est également essentiel de déterminer la profondeur de séquençage nécessaire pour obtenir une bonne estimation de la diversité des communautés bactériennes des sols étudiés. Enfin, le multiplexage des échantillons, via l'utilisation de MIDs (Multipex IDentifiers), nécessite l'évaluation des biais que peut entraîner l'introduction de ces séquences. Ces premières études nous ont permis d'évaluer les différents biais que peuvent entraîner l'usage du pyroséquençage pour étudier la diversité taxonomique microbienne des sols. Au final, ces informations nous permettront de caractériser au mieux la diversité taxonomique des microorganismes du sol, et de l’appliquer en moyen débit sur les réseaux de surveillance des sols ou sur des chronoséquences (Ranjard et coll., 2010)

Improving soil bacterial taxa–area relationships assessment using DNA meta-barcoding

EA SPE GENOSOL ECOLDUR IPM CT3 EJ3 BDD Sol Infosols Autres projets nationauxInternational audienceThe evaluation of the taxa-area relationship (TAR) with molecular fingerprinting data demonstrated the spatial structuration of soil microorganisms and provided insights into the processes shaping their diversity. The increasing use of massive sequencing technologies in biodiversity investigations has now raised the question of the advantages of such technologies over the fingerprinting approach for elucidation of the determinism of soil microbial community assembly in broad-scale biogeographic studies. Our objectives in this study were to compare DNA fingerprinting and meta-barcoding approaches for evaluating soil bacterial TAR and the determinism of soil bacterial community assembly on a broad scale. This comparison was performed on 392 soil samples from four French geographic regions with different levels of environmental heterogeneity. Both molecular approaches demonstrated a TAR with a significant slope but, because of its more sensitive description of soil bacterial community richness, meta-barcoding provided significantly higher and more accurate estimates of turnover rates. Both approaches were useful in evidencing the processes shaping bacterial diversity variations on a broad scale. When different taxonomic resolutions were considered for meta-barcoding data, they significantly influenced the estimation of turnover rates but not the relative importance of each component process. Altogether, DNA meta-barcoding provides a more accurate evaluation of the TAR and may lead to re-examination of the processes shaping soil bacterial community assembly. This should provide new insights into soil microbial ecology in the context of sustainable use of soil resources