Informal Action—Adjudication—Rule Making: Some Recent Developments in Federal Administrative Law

Direct energy consumption of ICT hardware is only “half the story.” In order to get the “whole story,” energy consumption during the entire life cycle has to be taken into account. This chapter is a first step toward a more comprehensive picture, showing the “grey energy” (i.e., the overall energy requirements) as well as the releases (into air, water, and soil) during the entire life cycle of exemplary ICT hardware devices by applying the life cycle assessment method. The examples calculated show that a focus on direct energy consumption alone fails to take account of relevant parts of the total energy consumption of ICT hardware as well as the relevance of the production phase. As a general tendency, the production phase is more and more important the smaller (and the more energy-efficient) the devices are. When in use, a tablet computer is much more energy-efficient than a desktop computer system with its various components, so its production phase has a much greater relative importance. Accordingly, the impacts due to data transfer when using Internet services are also increasingly relevant the smaller the end-user device is, reaching up to more than 90 % of the overall impact when using a tablet computer.QC 20140825</p

Asynchronous Testing of Synchronous Components in GALS Systems

International audienceGALS (Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous) systems, such as the Internet of Things or autonomous cars, integrate reactive synchronous components that interact asynchronously. The complexity induced by combining synchronous and asynchronous aspects makes GALS systems difficult to develop and debug. Ensuring their functional correctness and reliability requires rigorous design methodologies, based on formal methods and assisted by validation tools. In this paper we propose a testing methodology for GALS systems integrating: (1) synchronous and asynchronous concurrent models; (2) functional unit testing and behavioral conformance testing; and (3) various formal methods and their tool equipments. We leverage the conformance test generation for asynchronous systems to automatically derive realistic scenarios (input constraints and oracle), which are necessary ingredients for the unit testing of individual synchronous components, and are difficult and error-prone to design manually. We illustrate our approach on a simple, but relevant example inspired by autonomous cars

Buber, educational technology, and the expansion of dialogic space

Buber’s distinction between the ‘I-It’ mode and the ‘I-Thou’ mode is seminal for dialogic education. While Buber introduces the idea of dialogic space, an idea which has proved useful for the analysis of dialogic education with technology, his account fails to engage adequately with the role of technology. This paper offers an introduction to the significance of the I-It/I-Thou duality of technology in relation to opening dialogic space. This is followed by a short schematic history of educational technology which reveals the role technology plays, not only in opening dialogic space, but also in expanding dialogic space. The expansion of dialogic space is an expansion of what it means to be ‘us’ as dialogic engagement facilitates the incorporation, into our shared sense of identity, of aspects of reality that are initially experienced as alien or ‘other’. Augmenting Buber with an alternative understanding of dialogic space enables us to see how dialogue mediated by technology, as well as dialogue with monologised fragments of technology (robots), can, through education, lead to an expansion of what it means to be human

The mediating effects of first call resolution on call centers’ performance

This article aims to examine and validate the prepositions of the mediating impacts of first call resolution (FCR) on caller satisfaction within the contact center industry.A survey of 168 call center managers was analyzed through structural equation modeling, constituting an overall 43.3 per cent response rate for this study.The results show that FCR positively mediates the relationship between knowledge management, technology-based CRM and caller satisfaction within the inbound customer contact centers.We have empirically assessed call centers/contact centers’ success through caller satisfaction (an observed variable through their 2009 customer survey in Malaysia).Consequently, this study cannot generalize its findings in all other countries.Our strong argument is that within the operational variables, FCR is statistically significant and positively mediates knowledge management applications. But very important to note is that the customer contact centers are first touch points to a company's goods or services, and that many other factors such as product quality, company policy, target markets, decision-making processes and so on are also determinants of caller satisfaction, but fall outside the operational control of contact center activities.This research has empirically established that a company's capability in effectively acquiring a valid understanding of its current and potential customers’ information through CRM technologies will positively impact its acquisitions, customization, management and retention of customers.It also avails both the academic and contact center management the benefits that are inherent in measuring the impact of knowledge management and technology-based CRM on inbound FCR and caller satisfaction.This study finally recommends alternative areas for future research

Estimating reliability and throughput of sourcesynchronous wave-pipelined interconnect

Wave pipelining has gained attention for NoC interconnect by its promise of high bandwidth using simple circuits. Reliability issues must be addressed before wave pipelining can be used in practice; so, we develop a statistical model of dynamic timing uncertainty. We show that it is important to distinguish between static and dynamic sources of timing uncertainty, because source-synchronous wave pipelining is much more sensitive to the latter. We use HSPICE simulations to develop a model for a wave pipelined link in a 65nm CMOS process and apply a statistical approach to determine the achievable throughput at acceptable bit-error rates. Reliability estimates show that a modest amount of dynamic noise can cut achievable throughput in half for a ten-stage wave-pipelined link, and will further degrade longer links. After accounting for noise, traditional globally synchronous design is shown to offer higher throughput than the wave-pipelined design.

Towards reliable 5Gbps wave-pipelined and 3Gbps surfing interconnect in 65nm FPGAs

FPGA user clocks are slow enough that only a fraction of the interconnect’s bandwidth is actually used. There may be an opportunity to use throughput-oriented interconnect to decrease routing congestion and wire area using on-chip serial signaling, especially for datapath designs which operate on words instead of bits. To do so, these links must operate reliably at very high bit rates. We compare wave pipelining and surfing source-synchronous schemes in the presence of power supply and crosstalk noise. In particular, supply noise is a critical modeling challenge; better models are needed for FPGA power grids. Our results show that wave pipelining can operate at rates as high as 5Gbps for short links, but it is very sensitive to noise in longer links and must run much slower to be reliable. In contrast, surfing achieves a stable operating bit rate of 3Gbps and is relatively insensitive to noise