Lifetime rates and types of subsequent child protection system contact following a first report of neglect: An age-stratified analysis

An estimated 1 in 3 U.S. children will be the subject of a child protective services (CPS) investigation during their lifetime, typically for allegations of neglect. Whether and how an initial report of neglect is addressed may place children on divergent trajectories for safety and stability throughout childhood. The purpose of this study is to track subsequent CPS contact among children born in California in 2000 who were first investigated by CPS for neglect allegations alone (no co-occurring abuse) and not permanently separated from their families of origin (i.e., not removed or reunified if removed). We estimated the rates of subsequent CPS referrals, substantiated maltreatment, placement in foster care, and allegations of physical and sexual abuse by age 18. We assessed how rates of subsequent contact varied by initial CPS response and age at first investigation. Supplemental analyses disaggregated data by race and ethnicity. Results indicate that 64% of children initially investigated for neglect alone were re-referred to CPS by age 18 and 16% experienced a subsequent removal; however, these estimates varied greatly by age. Four out of five (79% to 83%) of children initially investigated as infants had one or more subsequent CPS referrals during childhood. Children were not only re-referred for allegations of neglect; more than half of children re-referred were reported for allegations of physical or sexual abuse, indicating that abuse risk was either missed during the initial CPS investigation or escalated afterward. The failure to address maltreatment risks when children first present to the system is a complex problem with no easy solution. Our findings document that a majority of children initially referred for neglect experience future CPS involvement, often for allegations of physical or sexual abuse

Promoter Complexity and Tissue-Specific Expression of Stress Response Components in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a Sessile Marine Invertebrate Species

The mechanisms of stress tolerance in sessile animals, such as molluscs, can offer fundamental insights into the adaptation of organisms for a wide range of environmental challenges. One of the best studied processes at the molecular level relevant to stress tolerance is the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus. We focus on the upstream region of Mytilus galloprovincialis Hsp90 genes and their structural and functional associations, using comparative genomics and network inference. Sequence comparison of this region provides novel evidence that the transcription of Hsp90 is regulated via a dense region of transcription factor binding sites, also containing a region with similarity to the Gamera family of LINE-like repetitive sequences and a genus-specific element of unknown function. Furthermore, we infer a set of gene networks from tissue-specific expression data, and specifically extract an Hsp class-associated network, with 174 genes and 2,226 associations, exhibiting a complex pattern of expression across multiple tissue types. Our results (i) suggest that the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus is regulated by an unexpectedly complex upstream region, and (ii) provide new directions for the use of the heat shock process as a biosensor system for environmental monitoring

Nueva ecto-5'-fosfodiesterasa/nucleótido-pirofosfatasa asociada a la membrana plasmática de células AS-30D de hepatocarcinoma de rata

Se identifican en fracciones de membranas plasmáticas aisladas de células ascíticas AS-30D de hepatocarcinoma de rata, tres glicoproteínas de 125 kDa, 115 kDa y 105 kDa (gp125, gp115 y gp105) que son adenililadas utilizando ATP como sustrato. Esta adenililación es más intensa en presencia de EDTA. La gp115 también se fosforila utilizando ATP como sustrato. La adenililación de estas glicoproteínas tumorales es mucho más débil que la adenililación de un grupo análogo de glicoproteínas (gp130, dímero gp120-gp110 y gp100) presentes en membranas plasmáticas aisladas de hígado normal de rata. Las glicoproteínas de las células tumorales y de hígado normal se O-adenililan reversiblemente en residuos de treonina. La gp115 tumoral y el dímero gp120-gp110 de hígado normal se aíslan mediante cromatografías de afinidad usando ATP y/o AMP inmovilizado. El dímero gp120-gp110 de hígado normal se identifica como el antígeno de diferenciación-1 de células plasmáticas (proteína PC-1), una ecto-5'-fosfodiesterasa/nucleótido-pirofosfatasa (5'-FDE/NPFasa). La gp115 de células tumorales también presenta actividades 5'-FDE y NPFasa estimuladas por Zn2+ en condiciones alcalinas, aunque parece ser una proteína diferente a la proteína PC-1. Se ha determinado también que la gp115 es una ecto-enzima que cataliza la hidrólisis de ATP extracelular, ya que resulta adenililada y fosforilada en células intactas añadiendo al medio [α-32P]ATP o [γ-32P]ATP, respectivamente, en ausencia de agentes permeabilizantes.We have identified in plasma membrane fractions isolated from rat hepatocarcinoma AS-30D ascites cells three glycoproteins of 125 kDa, 115 kDa and 105 kDa (gp125, gp115 and gp105) which become adenylylated using ATP as substrate, most readily in the presence of EDTA. The gp115 becomes also phosphorylated. The adenylylation of these tumor glycoproteins was much lower than that of a group of analogous adenylylatable glycoproteins (gp130, gp120-gp110 dimer and gp100) present in normal rat liver plasma membrane. The tumor glycoproteins were reversibly O-adenylylated at threonine residues, as was the case for their normal rat liver counterparts. The tumor gp115, and the gp120-gp110 dimer from normal rat liver were both isolated using either ATP-affinity chromatography and/or AMP-affinity chromatography. The gp120-gp110 dimer from normal rat liver was identified as the plasma cell differentiation antigen-1 (PC-1 protein), an ecto-5' phosphodiesterase/nucleotide-pyrophosphatase (5'-PDE/NPPase). The gp115 from tumor cells also exhibited Zn2+-stimulated 5'-PDE and NPPase activities in alkaline conditions, although it appears to be distinct from the PC-1 protein. We have determined that the gp115 is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP, since its adenylylation and phosphorylation were detected in intact cells using extracellularly added [α-32P]ATP or [γ-32P]ATP, respectively, in the absence of any permeabilizing agent.This work was financed by grants to AV from the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (SAF99-0052), the Consejería de Educación y Cultura de la Comunidad de Madrid (08.5/0019/1997), and the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (99CN0011)