Histopathological Analysis of Endometrial Changes in Association with Myometrial Lesions of Hysterectomy Specimens

INTRODUCTION: Uterus is a vital female reproductive organ. Tumors of uterus may arise from endometrium or myometrium. They may be benign or malignant. Leiomyoma is the most common benign myometrial tumor of smooth muscle origin. It is commonly called as fibroid. It is the most common neoplasm in women. These tumors develop during active reproductive period of life, increases during pregnancy and regress after menopause possibly showing estrogen dependency. The most common finding associated with leiomyoma is the Adenomyosis. It is characterised by the presence of islands of endometrial stroma and glands embedded in the myometrium. Other myometrial lesions like leiomyosarcoma, adenomyoma and carcinosarcoma are not uncommon. The endometrium is the inner layer of uterus which undergoes various changes during different phases of menstruation. Due to the unopposed estrogen stimulation, the endometrium undergoes spectrum of morphological changes ranging from hyperplasia to carcinoma. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the changes of endometrium in association with myometrial lesions of hysterectomy specimens with respect to various clinical and morphological features. 2. To analyse the histopathological changes of endometrium in association with myometrial lesions of hysterectomy specimens in our institution with respect to LMP,age. 3. To assess the age distribution of the myometrial lesions in patients subjected to hysterectomy. 4. To assess the endometrial changes in relation with the types and sites of myometrial lesions in hysterectomy specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Trichy SRM medical college hospital and research centre, Irungalur. Duration of Study: 2016 – 2018, a two year prospective and retrospective study. Sample Size: 250 cases. Inclusion Criteria: Patients undergoing hysterectomy for myometrial lesions presenting with clinical symptoms. Exclusion Criteria: Specimens of endometrial curettage and aspiration. Patients for whom hysterectomy is performed for non-myometrial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The endometrium will be studied for the patients who underwent hysterectomy for clinical symptoms of myometrial lesions. A total of 250 hysterectomy specimens with myometrial lesions are taken. A detailed gross examination was performed with respect to location and size of leiomyoma, and status of endometrium and endometrial polyp if any was noted. Tissue bits from representative areas of the leiomyoma and endometrium were taken for histopathological examination, processed and paraffin blocks were made. Sections were cut at 5-micron thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic sections were studied and following histologic features were recorded: Endometrial parameters - endometrium, phase, appearance of glands and stromal changes. Myometrial parameters - presence or absence of adenomyosis, type or variant of leiomyoma. RESULTS: The incidence of leiomyoma was 26.31%.Most of leiomyoma were seen in premenopausal women, of age group between 30 to 49 years with an incidence of 84%. Only 16% of were seen in postmenopausal age group. This study showed a higher incidence of unicentric fibroid with an incidence of 69.2%. Most of the fibroids were present in intramural location with an incidence 52.8% followed by submucous fibroid with an incidence of 14.4%. The endometrium was thinned out (0.1 to 0.2cm) in all the submucous fibroids (36 cases) intramural fibroids and 20 cases of postmenopausal women.20.8% showed proliferative phase and 9.6% showed atrophic endometrium.28 showed simple hyperplasia that is 11.2%. Complex hyperplasia was seen in 0.4%. Of 36 submucous leiomyomas, simple hyperplasia was seen in 11.1%.Proliferative phase was seen in 27.8%. Atrophic endometrium was seen in 13.9%. In this study, 97 cases had LMP of 16 to 30 days and 59 had more than 30 days of LMP. 20 cases showed persistent proliferative phase with LMP more than 15 days. 21 cases showed endometrial hyperplasia with LMP of more than 15 days. Most of the cases were between 40 to 49 years. In this age group, simple hyperplasia seen in 10.6%. 22.9% showed proliferative phase. 19.4% showed late secretory phase. Above 50 years age group 40 cases were reported. Of these 19 showed atrophic endometrium. Adenomyosis was with 106 cases with an incidence of 42.4%. Out of 106 cases of adenomyosis, 26 cases showed myohyperplasia. Malignant myometrial lesions were not obtained during the period of this study. CONCLUSION In this study, most of the myometrial lesions (leiomyoma) were seen in the 4th and 5th decades of life. Intramural location was seen more than other locations. The endometrial changes seen were thinning hyperplasia (simple as well as complex) and infrequently carcinomatous change. The older group of women in this study had atrophic endometrium and relative changes. Many of the cases had persistent hyperestrogenic stimulus. Adenomyosis and myohyperplasia were frequent associations

Investigating the Structure of Potential New Drug to Treat Sickle Cell Anemia through Inhibition of the Polymerization of Hemoglobin S​

Sickle cell anemia is a hematologic disorder impacting over 15 million people worldwide. It is caused by a single point mutation in the gene hemoglobin-Betha, where a glu group is replaced by val (GAG --- GTG) in the seventh codon (glu7val) of chromosome 1. In this study, we are comparing the anti-sickling properties of drugs in varied conditions in order to create a drug that is effective in an O2-independent manner and with a 1:1 stoichiometry for lower dosage purposes. We used Pymol and Jmol to compare the structures of the aldehydes GBT-440 and VZHE-039, which interact on the same binding site to treat sickle cell disease. GBT-440’s bulkiness allows it to have a 1:1 stoichiometry, while VZHE-039’s solubility is due to its interaction with the hemoglobin’s alpha cleft, allowing it to be O2-independent. We identified the pyridine and pyrazole structure from GBT-440 and the methyl hydroxy moite from VZHE-039 as key structures, and created a hypothetical new drug, a hybrid of VZHE-039 and GBT-440. The pose predicted would allow the drug to interact with the sickled hemoglobin in a 1 to 1 ratio and in an O2-independent manner.https://nsuworks.nova.edu/protein_modeling_reports/1002/thumbnail.jp

Dissipative Analysis and Synthesis of Control for TS Fuzzy Markovian Jump Neutral Systems

This paper is focused on stochastic stability and strictly dissipative control design for a class of Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy neutral time delayed control systems with Markovian jumps. The main aim of this paper is to design a strictly dissipative controller such that the closed-loop TS fuzzy control system is stochastically stable, and also the disturbance rejection attenuation is obtained to a given level by means of the H∞ performance index. Intensive analysis is carried out to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of desired dissipative controller which ensures both the stochastic stability and the strictly dissipative performance. The main advantage of the proposed technique is that it is possible to obtain the dissipative controller with less control effort and also, as special cases, robust H∞ control with the prescribed H∞ performance under given constraints and passivity control can be obtained for the considered systems. Also, the existence condition of the fuzzy dissipative controller can be obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a practical example based on truck-trailer model is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed design technique

Human-Computer Interaction: Enhancing User Experience in Interactive Systems

Enhancing user experience (UX) in interactive systems requires effective human-computer interaction (HCI). The relationship between people and computers has grown in significance as technology progresses, having an impact on many areas of our life. The main ideas and tactics used in HCI to enhance the user experience in interactive systems are examined in this abstract. Understanding the capabilities and constraints of both humans and computers forms the basis of HCI. HCI researchers and designers may develop interactive systems that complement users' mental models and cognitive processes by researching human behavior, cognition, and psychology. Additionally, taking into account the features of the computer system, such as its responsiveness, processing capacity, and interface design, enables the development of systems that are more user-friendly and effective. As a result, the discipline of human-computer interaction works to improve the user experience in interactive systems. Researchers and designers in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) can produce interactive systems that are simple, effective, entertaining, and satisfying for users by comprehending human capabilities, applying user-centered design principles, utilizing interactive techniques and interfaces, integrating multimodal interfaces, and embracing emerging technologies. The continued development of HCI will continue to influence and enhance how people use computers, enhancing user experiences and creating new opportunities for interactive systems in the future

IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT UNDER THE CHOLAS

Tanjavur is bounded on the north by south arcot district, on the south by Pudukottai district, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by the Trichirapalli district the city municipal limit is within an area of 40sq km the present population is around 2,405,890 people. The chola kingdom was one of the ancient lands in the ninth century A.D in south India. It is referred to in the mahabharatas, the indica of magasthenese, the inscriptions of Ashoka, the mahavamsa, and the periplus of the Erythrean sea. Bounded by the two rivers, the pennar and velar, the chola kingdom grew up in Tanjore, Trichirapalli and Pudukottai Region. The Cholas as a dynasty date back to the Sangam period (second century B.C to second century A.D) but disappear from the south Indian scene at the end of it not be heard of till the rise of the house of vijayalaya in the 9th century A.D)A predominantly delta area lying along the west of the Bay of Bengal. Thanjavur is the called know as ‘rice bowl of Tamilnadu state’. One of thirty-two district, alone accounts for nearly one-fourth of the total areas under paddy and more than a quarter of the total output of paddy cultivation in and around Thanjavur district. Historically the area has been benefited by the availability of natural flow of irrigation from a number of rivers which pass through the region. The largest of these the Cauvery, has a length of 500 miles from its source in neighbouring Mysore state to outlet in eastern Thanjavur. Altogether the Cauvery and its tributaries irrigate about 1,700,000 acres in Tamilnadu. More than two-third of the delta area is concentrated in Thajavur region

Exploration of 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin: Spectroscopic Analysis, DFT Insights, Molecular Docking, Assessments of Antibacterial and In Vitro Anticancer Activities as a Potent Bioactive Agent

The detailed theoretical and experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-visible) spectroscopy analyses of the 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin (CNC) molecule were carried out. The CNC compound's pharmacological properties were also investigated utilizing antibacterial and anticancer activity investigations. Initially, the CNC molecule was optimized by the density functional theory B3LYP method with a cc-pVTZ basis set using the Gaussian 09W program.   The optimized molecular structure provides the harmonic vibrational frequencies of the CNC molecule. The observed and computed vibrational wavenumbers were assigned and found to be well correlated.  UV-Vis absorption spectrum analysis indicates that the molecule contains π→π* electronic transition. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis indicates that the LUMO of CNC molecule is mainly located over the nitro group, it indicates that the nitro group is particularly prone to accepting electrons from other molecules and participate in chemical reactions where acts as an electrophile. Mulliken atomic charge distribution analysis further confirms the FMOs results. The antibacterial test results validate that the CNC molecule exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus compared to the other tested bacteria.  In vitro anticancer cytotoxicity analysis clearly evidences that the CNC compound inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cell lines more than A549 lung cancer cell lines. In silico molecular docking study further validates that the CNC molecule inhibits the function of the p38a Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, which has been associated with cervical cancer.  As a result, the present study paves the way for the development of new drugs to treat cervical cancer. Keywords: 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin; DFT; FT-IR; FT-Raman; Anticancer; Molecular docking; Cervical cancer drug

Energy Efficiency Maximization In Cognitive Radio Channels Using Modified Water Filling Algorithm

In this paper, we present a novel and computationally efficient water filling algorithm for multiuser in cognitive radio network (CRN). This algorithm is based on the multiuser water filling theorem and persuades the subcarrier allocation for a multiple access system. This approach exaggerates the total bit rate under the constraints of user-individual power budgets. Acquiring Energy Efficiency (EE) is very troublesome for wireless communication systems exclusively for CRN. The analysis here is with the mean EE maximization problem for secondary user (SU) with both primary user (PU) and SUs. The solution to the problem starts by examining both the peak and mean transmit power constraints for the SUs and outage probability constraint for the PUs. The problem here is nontrivial.nbsp The results attestnbsp that the efficiency of the system is enhanced with the proposed water filling algorithm and also it has been observed that the outage probability is reduced. Further, there is enhancementnbsp in the capacity of a MIMO system