Rapid Assembly of the Salvileucalin B Norcaradiene Core

Preparation of the polycyclic core of the cytotoxic natural product salvileucalin B is described. The key feature of this synthetic strategy is a copper-catalyzed intramolecular arene cyclopropanation to provide the central norcaradiene. These studies lay the foundation for continued investigations toward an enantioselective total synthesis of 1

Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Salvileucalin B

An enantioselective total synthesis of the diterpenoid natural product (+)-salvileucalin B is reported. Key findings include a copper-catalyzed arene cyclopropanation reaction to provide the unusual norcaradiene core and a reversible retro-Claisen rearrangement of a highly functionalized norcaradiene intermediate

Kebutuhan Pupuk Npk Optimum Bawang Bombay di Dataran Tinggi

Tanaman bawang Bombay membutuhkan ketersediaan unsur hara NPK di dalam tanah dalam jumlah yang cukup dan berimbang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis pupuk NPK yang optimum untuk 2 kultivar bawang Bombay introduksi di dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, 1.250 m dpl dengan jenis tanah andisol. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan petak terpisah dengan 3 ulangan. Kultivar bawang bombay asal Australia yaitu E-515 dan Z-512 ditempatkan sebagai petak utama, sedangkan 14 kombinasi dosis N-P2O5-K2O ditempatkan sebagai anak petak. Kisaran dosis pupuk N, P, dan K adalah 75-375 kg/ha N, 75-375 kg/ha P2O5 dan 75-375 kg/ha K2O. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan tanaman dan hasil umbi bawang bombay kultivar E-515 dan Z-512 mempunyai respons yang tidak berbeda terhadap dosis pupuk N, P, dan K. Dosis pupuk N, P, dan K yang optimum untuk kedua kultivar bawang bombay introduksi adalah 137 kg/ha N, 160 kg/ha P2O5, dan 195 kg/ha K2O. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pupuk dan hasil tanaman bawang bombay.Onion plants need balance of NPK nutrient supply in soil. This experiment was conducted at Experimental Garden of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute Lembang, 1,250 m asl with andisol soil type, to find out the optimum dosage of NPK fertilizer application for 2 introduced onion cultivars in highland. A split plot design with 3 replications was used. Two introduced onion cultivars from Australia (E-515 and Z-512) were assigned to main plot, and 14 combination of NPK dosages were assigned to subplot. The range of N, P, K dosages were 75-375 kg/ha N, 75-375 kg/ha P2O5 and 75-375 kg/ha K2O. The results revealed that both onion cultivars No. E-515 and No. Z-512 did not give different respons to NPK fertilization, expressed in the vegetative growth and bulb yield. The optimum dosage of NPK for both cultivars was 137 kg/ha N, 160 kg/ha P2O5 and 195 kg/ha K2O. The results can be applied to increase the efficiency of NPK fertilization on the introduced short-day onion

Pengaruh Pembenaman Residu Tanaman Penutup Tanah Kacang-kacangan Dan Mulsa Jerami Terhadap Hasil Cabai Merah Dan Kesuburan Tanah Andisol

. Sumarni, N. and R. Rosliani. 2009. The Effect of Buried Leguminosae Cover Crops and RiceStraw Mulch Residues in the Soil on the Yield of Hot Pepper and Fertility of Andisol Soil. This experiment wasconducted at Experimental Garden of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute from November 2004 until March2005. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of leguminosae cover crops and rice straw mulchresidues which were buried in the soil on yield of hot pepper and fertility of Andisol soil-Lembang. A randomized blockdesign with 3 replications was used in this experiment. The treatments were 9 buried cover crop residues, consistedof peanut, red bean, and rice straw mulch, and 1 treatment of stable manure as a control. Peanut cover crops withplanting distance of 50 x 30 cm were replanted in all experimental plots (except control). Hot pepper var. Hot Beautywas used in this experiment with planting distance of 60 x 50 cm. The results showed that the buried residues of peanutcrops, red bean crops, rice straw mulch, and stable manure application did not significantly affect the growth and yieldof hot pepper, and fertility of Andisol soil. Peanut cover crops residue 7 t/ha + rice straw mulch residue 5 t/ha, withreplanted peanut crop as cover crops was the best treatment to maintain fertility of Andisol soil and yield of hot pepper

Pengaruh Naungan Plastik Transparan, Kerapatan Tanaman, Dan Dosis N Terhadap Produksi Umbi Bibit Asal Biji Bawang Merah

. Sumarni, N. and R. Rosliani. 2010. The Effect of Transparent Plastic Shelter, Plant Density, and N Dosages on Shallots Seed Production from True Shallots Seed (TSS). Shallots can be cultivated by using bulb seed or TSS. Planting materials from TSS could produce mini bulb seeds which finally gave healthier shallots plant with high quality of bulb yield than that of from bulbs (conventional method). Several factors affected the yield of mini bulb shallots seed, among other thing are plant density, N fertilization, and the application of transparent plastic shading. The objective of this experiment was to find out the effect of plastic shelter, plant density, and N dosage to produce shallot bulb seeds from TSS. The research was carried out at the Experimental Garden of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute Lembang (1,250 m asl.) on Andisol type soil from October 2005 to February 2006. The treatments were set up in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three factors. The first factor was application of transparent plastic shelter with three levels, viz. (1) transparent plastic shelter from the beginning of seeds sowing (direct seeded) up to harvest the shallots seed, (2) transparent plastic shelter from the beginning of direct seeded up to six weeks, and (3) without shelter (control). The second factor was the plant density comprised of three levels, viz : 4, 6, and 8 g/m2 of TSS. The third factor was the dosages of N fertilizer with two levels, viz : 45 and 90 kg N/ha. The results showed that the application of transparent plastic shelter and plant density significantly affected the plant growth and shallots seed yield. Application of N fertilizer of 45 to 90 kg N/ha did not significantly affect plant growth and shallots seed yield eventually. The highest yield of shallots seed, viz. 2.54 kg/m2 was gained from the application of transparent plastic shelter from the beginning of sowing untill harvest with plant density of 8 g/m2 of TSS and 45 kg N/ha, with more than 70% bulb size for consumption (>5 g/bulb), and the rest 17 to 20% bulb size for seed (3 to 5 g/bulb). No mini bulb shallots seed (<2 g/bulb) was produced. This technique was quite promising and potential for increasing yield and bulb quality of shallots seed

Analysis of Factors Related to the Stroke in Patients with Stroke in Ward C 1st Floor and 2nd Floor in the Rssn Bukittinggi 2016

Stroke still become a health problem of society, due to the high incidence of morbidity, mortalities, and disability. Stroke attack estimated 25% was recovered from the first stroke in five years. Stroke occurrence because of risk factors an unhealthy lifestyle. The aim of this research was to determine to analyze risk factors (smoking and sports habits, diet and medical check-up obedience) related to the causes of stroke attack. The research of methods was observational analytic with a retrospective approach. The result of this research shows that smoking habits unrelated to stroke occurrence (p-value 1,000). Diet obedience unrelated to stroke occurrence (p-value 0,952). Sport habits unrelated to stroke occurrence (p-value 0,501). Medical check-up obedience was unrelated to stroke occurrence (p-value 0,069). In conclusion, there is not a relationship between smoking habits, diet obedience, sport habits, and medical check-up obedience by the stroke. It is advisable to the institutional hospital can give information to stroke patients the cause of incidence stroke not only one but many factors, and then how to control to avoid stroke attack and recurrent stroke attack

Respons Pertumbuhan, Hasil Umbi, Dan Serapan Hara NPK Tanaman Bawang Merah Terhadap Berbagai Dosis Pemupukan NPK Pada Tanah Alluvial

Tanaman bawang merah memerlukan ketersediaan hara nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan kalium (K) dalam jumlah yang cukup dan berimbang di dalam tanah untuk dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi secara optimal. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan pupuk N, P, dan K optimum untuk dua varietas bawang merah pada jenis tanah Alluvial. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan di daerah Ciledug-Cirebon (Jawa Barat), dari Bulan Juli sampai dengan Oktober 2009. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah petak terpisah dengan tiga ulangan. Petak utama ialah varietas bawang merah, terdiri atas varietas Bima Curut dan Bangkok. Anak petak yaitu dosis pupuk N, P, dan K, terdiri atas 11 kombinasi dosis N-P2O5-K2O yang disusun secara terpusat (central design). Kisaran dosis pupuk yaitu 0–270 kg/ha N, 0–180 kg/ha P2O5, dan 0–180 kg/ha K2O. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara varietas dan dosis pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan serapan NPK tanaman bawang merah, sedangkan hasil umbi bawang merah dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara varietas dan dosis pupuk NPK. Dosis pupuk N, P, dan K optimum untuk varietas Bima Curut ialah 146 kg/ha N, 111 kg/ha P2O5, dan 100 kg/ha K2O dengan tingkat hasil umbi kering eskip rerata 25,77 t/ha, sedangkan dosis pupuk N, P, dan K optimum untuk varietas Bangkok ialah 248 kg/ha N, 98 kg/ha P2O5, dan 103 kg/ha K2O dengan tingkat hasil umbi kering eskip rerata 35,44 t/ha. Untuk menghasilkan hasil umbi kering eskip maksimum, varietas Bima Curut menyerap 64,26 kg/ha N, 18,03 kg/ha P2O5, dan 123,39 kg/ha K2O yang diperoleh dengan pemberian pupuk sebanyak 180 kg/ha N, 120 kg/ha P2O5, dan 60 kg/ha K2O, sedangkan varietas Bangkok menyerap 69,65 kg/ha N, 22,88 kg/ha P2O5, dan 149 kg/ha K2O yang diperoleh dengan pemberian pupuk sebanyak 270 kg/ha N, 120 kg/ha P2O5, dan 120 kg/ha K2O. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pupuk NPK dan hasil umbi bawang merah. Shallots plants need balance of NPK nutrient supply in soil to get optimally plant growth and bulb yield. This experiment was conducted at a farmer field in Ciledug-Cirebon, West Java Province, from July until October 2009. The objective of this experiment was to find out the optimum dosage of NPK fertilizer application for two shallots varieties on Alluvial soil type. A split plot design with three replications was used. Two shallots varieties (Bima Curut and Bangkok) were assigned to main plot, and 11 combinations of N-P2O5-K2O dosages were assigned to subplot. The range of N, P, and K dosages were 0–270 kg/ha N, 0–180 kg/ha P2O5, and 0-180 kg/ha K2O. The results revealed that there were no interaction between varieties and NPK dosages on plant growth and NPK uptake by shallots plant. But both shallots varieties of Bima Curut and Bangkok gave different response to NPK fertilization, expressed by dry bulb yield. The optimum dosage of NPK for Bima Curut variety was146 kg/ha N, 111 kg/ha P2O5, and 100 kg/ha K2O that gave dry bulb yield of 25.77 t/ha, while the optimum dosage of NPK for Bangkok variety was 248 kg/ha N, 98 kg/ha P2O5, and 103 kg/ha K2O that gave dry bulb yield of 35,44 t/ha. To get the maximum yield of dry bulb weight, Bima Curut variety absorbed 64.26 kg/ha N, 18.03 kg/ha P2O5, and 123.39 kg/ha K2O which obtained by applying of 180 kg/ha N, 120 kg/ha P2O5, and 60 kg/ha K2O, while Bangkok variety absorbed 69.65 kg/ha N, 22.88 kg/ha P2O5, and 149 kg/ha K2O which obtained by applying of 270 kg/ha N, 120 kg/ha P2O5, and 120 kg/ha K2O. The results can be applied to increase the efficiency of NPK fertilizer for growing shallots on Alluvial soil type

Pemupukan Fosfat Alam, Pupuk Kandang Domba, dan Inokulasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Mentimun pada Tanah Masam

Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan petani Kabupaten Lebak, Banten, mulai bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2001. Jenis tanah masam adalah ultisols yang mempunyai ketersediaan P rendah dan sifat fisik jelek. Tujuan percobaan adalah mempelajari pengaruh inokulasi cendawan mikoriza arbuskula, penyediaan bahan organik dari pupuk kandang domba dan dosis fosfat alam (P) terhadap pertumbuhan, serapan P, dan hasil mentimun. Perlakuan terdiri atas 3 dosis fosfat alam, pupuk kandang domba, dan inokulasi mikoriza. Kombinasi perlakuan seluruhnya ada 12 dengan 3 ulangan yang disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok faktorial. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk kandang domba meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan fosfat alam, pertumbuhan, bobot buah, dan infeksi akar. Pengaruh mikoriza tampak jelas jika disertai penggunaan pupuk kandang domba. Tanpa pupuk kandang domba maupun tanpa mikoriza, dosis P yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan buah mentimun adalah 200 kg P2O5 /ha, sedangkan dengan pupuk kandang domba maupun dengan mikoriza dosis P yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan buah mentimun yang sama hanya 100 kg P2O5 /ha. Tanpa pupuk kandang, mikoriza, dan pupuk P (kontrol), tanaman tidak menghasilkan buah mentimun. Teknologi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini sangat berguna untuk pengembangan tanaman sayuran pada tanah-tanah masam atau lahan marginal seperti ultisols.The experiment was conducted at the farmer field in Lebak Distric of Banten Province, from July until October 2001. The soil type was ultisols with low P availability and poor physical property. The objectives of this experiment was to study the effect of application of rock phosphate, sheep manure, and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi inoculation on the growth, P uptake, and yield of cucumber in acid soil. The treatments consisted of three rates of rock phosphate, 2 rates of sheep manure and 2 rates of mycorrhiza inoculation. All treatment combinations were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The results showed that sheep manure application increased the efficiency of rock phosphate application, growth, yield of cucumber, and root infection. The effect of mycorrhiza inoculation was distinct when accompanied with sheep manure supply. Without sheep manure supply and without mycorrhiza inoculation, 200 kg P2O5/ha of rock phosphate was needed to produce cucumber, while sheep manure supply and mycorrhiza inoculation, only 100 kg P2O5/ha of rock phosphate was needed to produce equivalence cucumber fruit. Without rock phosphate application, sheep manure supply, and mycorrhiza inoculation (control), the plant did not produce any cucumber fruit. The results of the experiment can be usefull for developing vegetables cultivation on acid soils or marginal land such as ultisols