El Camino Real: Commercial Trade Route to Santa Fe

“El Camino Real: Commercial Trade Route to Santa Fe” The Royal Road of the Interior Land served as the sole trade and supply route to the frontier regions of New Spain for the better part of three centuries. The eighteenth century mission colony of Santa Fe was the northern terminus of El Camino Real. Caravan trade parties that traveled the near 1,600-mile route were the only means for buying and selling goods in Santa Fe. Native laborers were the backbone of the self-sustaining colony and manufactured numerous trade exports. The combination of Native American contributions and merchant trade on El Camino Real were the reasons for Santa Fe’s ultimate survival as a permanent settlement. I will be examining letters by two eighteenth century governors of New Mexico one of which provides requests and information on supplies needed to be sent overland for mission upkeep. Additionally, colonial era textiles provide an insightful example of commodities produced by Pueblo artisans for trade and purchase of needed imports. Sources from the Spanish and the natives provide some balance in contextualizing trade systems on El Camino Real

Regulation of the gbn-1 Transcript during Vegetative Growth and Macrocyst Development in Dictyostelium.

A transcript corresponding to the gene gbn-1 has been found in Dictyostelium mucoroides during vegetative growth and microcyst development. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence is known, and the amino acid sequence was found to be 65% similar and 50% identical to a hemoglobin protein found in the bacterium Vitreoscilla. The purpose of the study was to further characterize the gbn-1 gene activated during development of microcysts. The transcript was found in Dictostelium cells during the vegetative stage and during microcyst development. Quantitative results, using 18S rRNA as an internal control, on the microcyst cells. Later developing cells still produced the transcript, but in lower amounts. Whether cells were grown submerged under liquid medium or on the surface of a solid medium, the vegetative cells at 48 hours and 56 hours both produced the transcript. Vegetative amoebae from the axenic strain Dictyostelium discodium AX-2 did not produce the gbn-1 transcript. The nutrient source, Escherichia coli, did not contribute to the presence of the gbn-1 transcript. Developing cells exposed to osmotic or metabolic stress by sorbitol or antimycin A showed that the gbn-1 transcript was not included by exposure to these agents. The cells exposed to a different metabolic stress, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, did however induce the gbn-1 transcript

Three years of routine Raman lidar measurements of tropospheric aerosols: Planetary boundary layer heights, extinction and backscatter coefficients

International audienceWe have performed a three-year series of routine lidar measurements on a climatological base. To obtain an unbiased data set, the measurements were taken at preselected times. The measurements were performed between 1 December 1997, and 30 November 2000, at Kühlungsborn, Germany (54°07' N, 11°46' E). Using a Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar system, we measured the aerosol backscatter coefficients at three wavelengths in and above the planetary boundary layer. The aerosol extinction coefficient has been determined at 532 nm, but here the majority of the measurements has been restricted to heights above the boundary layer. Only after-sunset measurements are included in this data set since the Raman measurements were restricted to darkness. For the climatological analysis, we selected the cloud-free days out of a fixed measurement schedule. The annual cycle of the boundary layer height has been found to have a phase shift of about 25 days with respect to the summer/winter solstices. The mean values of the extinction and backscatter coefficients do not show significant annual differences. The backscatter coefficients in the planetary boundary layer were found to be about 10 times higher than above. The mean aerosol optical depth above the boundary layer and below 5 km is 0.26 (±1.0) x 10-2 in summer, and 1.5 (±0.95) x 10-2 in winter, which almost negligible compared to values measured in the boundary layer. A cluster analysis of the backward trajectories yielded two major directions of air mass origin above the planetary boundary layer and 4 major directions inside. A marked difference between the total aerosol load dependent on the air mass origin could be found for air masses originating from the west and travelling at high wind speeds. Comparing the measured spectral dependence of the backscatter coefficients with data from the Global Aerosol Data Set, we found a general agreement, but only a few conclusions with respect to the aerosol type could be draws due to the high variability of the measured backscatter coefficients

UREIDE ACCUMULATION DURING ABIOTIC STRESS IN LEGUMES

Allantoin and allantoate, ureides formed during the catabolism of purines, accumulate in plant tissue in response to drought and other abiotic stresses. Allantoin, allantoate, and a precursor molecule, uric acid, have been hypothesized to be scavengers of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during abiotic stress. This research investigated whether a direct link exists between these ureides and the ROS produced during water limitation, sub-zero temperature stress, and induced oxidative stress. Allantoin and allantoate accumulated in both nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-fertilized soybean leaves during water limitation. The accumulation of ureides in the leaves could also be generated by treatment with methyl viologen (MV) which induces superoxide production. Isolated leaf disk experiments demonstrated that allantoin did not directly scavenge ROS, but stimulated a response in the plant that indirectly decreased ROS. In contrast, uric acid had a direct chemical interaction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both allantoin and uric acid decreased cell death in leaf tissue after treatment with H2O2 and allantoin decreased cell death after treatment with MV. In addition, I examined whether the accumulation of ureides could be used to predict abiotic stress tolerance of different genotypes in a population of common bean, tepary bean and interspecific introgression lines of common bean and tepary bean. Sub-zero temperature stress and water limitation stress tolerance were correlated with ureide content in a population of common bean, tepary bean and interspecific introgression lines of common bean and tepary bean, however these correlations were too weak for implementation of ureide accumulation quantification as a plant breeding tool. Results of this thesis will aid in understanding ureide accumulation during abiotic stress, will assist in determining the function of ureide accumulation during abiotic stress, and will serve as the starting point to bridge the gap between the mechanistic knowledge of ureide accumulation during abiotic stress and applying it in larger scale agricultural scenarios

What Couples Say Works in Domestic Violence Therapy

This ethnographic study adds to our professional knowledge about the effectiveness of domestic violence counseling. We learned from couples who had been court referred for domestic violence counseling what they found to be most effective in their therapy. The study was conducted by a student practitioner-researcher. The inquiry is written in an open manner and details the procedural steps, discusses trustworthiness specific to the inquiry, and includes reflections from the authors

Parents Forever: Evaluation of a Divorce Education Curriculum

Parents Forever is an educational program developed by the University of Minnesota Extension Service for families experiencing divorce. It was designed to help parents: a) eliminate parent conflict in front of the children; b) keep the children out of the middle of parent issues; c) provide access to both parents; and d) put the best interests of the children first. Eighty-nine parents were interviewed via telephone after completing the course about the impact of Parents Forever on parental behaviors. Analyses revealed that Parents Forever is effective in meeting its four objectives. Implications for divorce education programming are outlined

TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI DALAM NASKAH DRAMA MEGA-MEGA KARYA ARIFIN C. NOER

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk tindak tutur ilokusi yang terdapat dalam dialog naskah drama Mega-Mega karya Arifin C. Noer. Metode yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Naskah drama Mega-Mega karya Arifin C. Noer digunakan sebagai sumber data. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik baca dan catat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara memilah-milah tuturan yang termasuk kedalam tindak tutur ilokusi dalam naskah drama Mega-Mega karya Arifin C. Noer, kemudian dianalisis dengan mengacu pada teori bentuk tindak tutur ilokusi menurut John R. Searle. Peneliti menggunakan langkah-langkah metode analisis data kualitatif yang dikemukakan oleh Miles dan Huberman, yaitu 1) reduksi data; 2) penyajian data; 3) menarik kesimpulan/verifikasi. Hasil penelitian adalah bentuk tindak tutur ilokusi meliputi: (1) bentuk aseptif dengan maksud mengeluh, memberitahukan, menyatakan, melaporkan dan menuntut, (2) Bentuk direktif dengan maksud menyarankan, menasehati, meminta, memerintah dan memohon, (3) bentuk komisif dengan maksud memanjatkan doa, berjanji, bersumpah dan menawarkan, (4) bentuk ekspresif dengan maksud memuji, menyalahkan, berbelasungkawa, meminta maaf, mengucapkan terimakasih dan mengucapkan selamat, (5) bentuk deklaratif dengan maksud memberi nama dan menentukan. Kata Kunci: Tindak Tutur Ilokusi, Naskah Drama, Mega-Mega, Arifin C. Noe