Non-immunological enhancement of tumour transplantability in x-irradiated host animals.

MSC-10 tumour cells (derived from a chemically induced pulmonary squamous-cell carcinoma in DBA/2 mice) were inoculated intramuscularly into thymectomized, X-irradiated isogeneic mice, either 48 h or 6 weeks after thymectomy and X-irradiation. Normal mice and immunologically reconstituted mice served as controls. A marked enhancement in frequency of tumour takes was observed in all groups of animals inoculated with tumour cells 48 h after whole:-body X-irradiation, whether thymectomized, immunologically reconstituted or not. The TD50 decreased to less than 1/10 of that observed in unirradiated controls. When mice were inoculated with tumour cells 6 weeks after X-irradiation, the incidence of tumour takes was similar to that of unirradiated controls, including the thymectomized-irradiated group, which was still severely immunodeficient as measured by antibody formation and skin graft rejection. The experiments indicate that whole-body X-irradiation creates a condition that favours tumour cell survival or growth. This "permissive state" exists only shortly after X-irradiation and is not correlated with the host's level of immunocompetence

Correction to: The emerging role of probiotics as a mitigation strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID�19) (Archives of Virology, (2021), 166, 7, (1819-1840), 10.1007/s00705-021-05036-8)

Authors would like to correct the error in their publication. The original article has been corrected. 1. Reference 17 is incorrect. The correct one should be �The probiotic Bifidobacterium in the management of Coronavirus: A theoretical basis� https://doi.org/10.1177/2058738420961304. 2. The unnecessary symbol �??� found in text is deleted. © 2021, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature

The emerging role of probiotics as a mitigation strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection accompanied by pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has affected millions of people globally. To date, there are no highly efficient therapies for this infection. Probiotic bacteria can interact with the gut microbiome to strengthen the immune system, enhance immune responses, and induce appropriate immune signaling pathways. Several probiotics have been confirmed to reduce the duration of bacterial or viral infections. Immune fitness may be one of the approaches by which protection against viral infections can be reinforced. In general, prevention is more efficient than therapy in fighting viral infections. Thus, probiotics have emerged as suitable candidates for controlling these infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, any approach with the capacity to induce mucosal and systemic reactions could potentially be useful. Here, we summarize findings regarding the effectiveness of various probiotics for preventing virus-induced respiratory infectious diseases, especially those that could be employed for COVID-19 patients. However, the benefits of probiotics are strain-specific, and it is necessary to identify the bacterial strains that are scientifically established to be beneficial. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature