Development of a Model for Quality Process Stage Development Software Applied Unit Systems UTMACH

In the present investigation discloses some models or standards focused on system development process. Pretending to give a solution to the user dissatisfaction that causes no profiling to develop quality system. And with reference to the systems unit of the Technical University of Machala and under the investigative process that took place it was detected that there is no order of development in the Unit, the various schedules that are performed many times outside the scope of work team. Due to this circumstance and aims these preliminary detected based on a comparative analysis of the various models or standards applied quality system to create a working environment that allows Systems Unit improve the system development process. Forming itself the quality model system that will engage the Systems Unit

Estudo morfoanatômico comparativo entre a poaia (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes - Rubiaceae) obtida da região Amazônica (habitat original) e proveniente de processo biotecnológico submetida a diferentes tratamentos de interceptação da radiação solar.

A poaia ou ipeca (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes.-Rubiaceae) apesar de seu valor farmacológico e sócio-econômico é cada vez menos freqüente no seu habitat. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo comparativo dos aspectos morfoanatômicos entre a espécie originária da Amazônia Brasileira e a obtida in vitro submetidas a diferentes tratamentos de interceptação de radiação solar, visando, desta forma, dar suporte a estudos com fins de preservação, cultivo, validação farmacognóstica/farmacopéica e ampliar o conhecimento biotecnológico desta espécie. A espécie nativa foi obtida de fragmento de mata (fase vegetativa) e empregada para micropropagação através do cultivo in vitro de fragmentos de segmentos internodais sobre meio de cultivo Murashige & Skoog com o regulador de crescimento BAP (2,0 mg/l de meio). Obtiveram-se plântulas que foram transferidas para casa de vegetação por 2 anos sob dois tipos de ambiente e três diferentes tratamentos de interceptação da radiação solar. Foi feito o estudo morfoanatômico, analisado estatisticamente. Verifica-se que as plantas originadas por processo biotecnológico e submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos apresentam morfologia semelhante à planta nativa, no entanto constatou-se um maior número de raízes secundárias, não há diferença significativa entre larguras e comprimentos de folhas, comprimento de raízes, estípulas, peso de raízes e rizomas. Mas, observou-se diferença estatística no comprimento do caule em relação à nativa

Born to yawn? Understanding yawning as a warning of the rise in cortisol levels: Randomized trial

Background: Yawning consistently poses a conundrum to the medical profession and neuroscientists. Despite neurological evidence such as parakinesia brachialis oscitans in stroke patients and thermo-irregulation in multiple sclerosis patients, there is considerable debate over the reasons for yawning with the mechanisms and hormonal pathways still not fully understood. Cortisol is implicated during yawning and may link many neurological disorders. Evidence was found in support of the Thompson cortisol hypothesis that proposes cortisol levels are elevated during yawning just as they tend to rise during stress and fatigue. Objectives: To investigate whether saliva cortisol levels rise during yawning and, therefore, support the Thompson cortisol hypothesis. Methods: We exposed 20 male and female volunteers aged between 18 and 53 years to conditions that provoked a yawning response in a randomized controlled trial. Saliva samples were collected at the start and again after the yawning response, or at the end of the stimuli presentations if the participant did not yawn. In addition, we collected electromyographic data of the jaw muscles to determine rest and yawning phases of neural activity. Yawning susceptibility scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire, and demographic and health details were also collected from each participant. A comprehensive data set allowed comparison between yawners and nonyawners, as well as between rest and yawning phases. Collecting electromyographic data from the yawning phase is novel, and we hope this will provide new information about neuromuscular activity related to cortisol levels. Exclusion criteria included chronic fatigue, diabetes, fibromyalgia, heart conditions, high blood pressure, hormone replacement therapy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. We compared data between and within participants. Results: In the yawning group, there was a significant difference between saliva cortisol samples (t = -3.071, P = .01). Power and effect size were computed based on repeated-measures t tests for both the yawning and nonyawning groups. There was a medium effect size for the nonyawners group (r = .467) but low power (36%). Results were similar for the yawners group: medium effect size (r = .440) and low power (33%). Conclusions: There was significant evidence in support of the Thompson cortisol hypothesis that suggests cortisol levels are elevated during yawning. A further longitudinal study is planned to test neurological patients. We intend to devise a diagnostic tool based on changes in cortisol levels that may assist in the early diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the data collected. Trial Registration: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 61942768; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN61942768/61942768 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6A75ZNYvr)

Influence Of Artificial Lighting On The Performance And Egg Quality Of Commercial Layers: A Review

In Brazil, the egg production chain produces fresh eggs for the consumer market and for processing. Layers are housed in battery cage systems. Rearing and development farms are separate from egg-production farms. Considering the recent advance of Brazilian chicken egg production, scientific knowledge on management practices are required to disseminate and to consistently apply this knowledge to improve such practices. Artificial lighting is widely used in poultry reproduction, both in the production of hatchable eggs and of commercial eggs. Light is required for the release of hormones responsible for reproduction; however, the best lighting practices to stimulate laying poultry during the reproductive period still need to be determined, with the aim of saving electric energy, and therefore, to dilute production costs and comply with environmental sustainability requirements. This review showed that layers are indeed photostimulated with more than 12 hours of light, independently of the artificial lighting program applied. Results demonstrate that artificial lighting programs influence egg production, but not egg quality parameters. Intermittent lighting programs are good alternatives when layers are housed in open-sided houses, which are typically used in Brazil. Transcranial light reception is the most important route for the stimulation of reproduction in poultry.164337344Bacon, W.L., Nestor, K.E., Reproductive response to intermittent light regimens in Coturnix Coturnix Japonica (1975) Poultry Science, 54 (6), pp. 1918-1926Boni, I.J., Paes, A., Programa de luz para matrizes: Machos e fêmeas. Anais do Simpósio Técnico sobre Matrizes de Frangos de Corte1999 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Brasil, pp. 17-39Borille, R., Garcia, R.G., Royer, A., Santana, M.R., Colet, S., Naas, I.A., Caldara, F.R., Castilho, V., The use of light-emitting diodes (LED) in commercial layer production [cited 2013 Jul 21] (2013) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Avícola, 15 (2), pp. 135-140. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2013000200009&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=enBoshouwers, F., Nicaise, E., Artificial light sources and their influence on physical activity and energy expenditure of laying hens (1993) British Poultry Science, 34 (1), pp. 11-19Campos, E.J., (2000) Avicultura: Razões, Fatos E divergências, , Belo Horizonte: FEPEMVZChen, Y., Cao, J., Liu, W., Wang, Z., Xie, D., Jia, L., Green and blue monochromatic lights promote growth and development of broilers via stimulating testosterone secretion and myofiber growth (2008) The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17 (2), pp. 11-218Cotta, J., (2002) Galinha: Produção De Ovos, , Viçosa: Aprenda FácilEr, D., Wang, Z., Cao, J., Chen, Y., Effect of monochromatic light on the egg quality of laying hens (2007) The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16 (4), pp. 605-612Ernst, R.A., Miillam, J.R., Matther, F.B., Review of life-history lighting programs for commercial laying fowls (1987) World’s Poultry Science Journal, 43 (1), pp. 44-55Etches, R.J., Estímulo luminoso na reprodução (1994) Fisiologia Da reprodução De Aves, pp. 59-75. , Pinheiro, M.R., Campinas: FACTAEtches, R.J., (1996) Reproducción Aviar, , Zaragoza: AcribiaFoss, D.C., Carew, L.B., Jr., Arnold, E.L., Physiological development of cockerels as influence by selected wavelengths of environmental light (1972) Poultry Science, 51 (1), pp. 1922-1927Freitas, H.J., Cotta, J., Oliveira, A.I., Gewehr, C.E., Avaliação de programas de iluminação sobre o desempenho de poedeiras leves (2005) Ciência E Agrotecnologia, 29 (2), pp. 424-428Freitas, H.J., Cotta, J., Oliveira, A.I., Murgas, L., Solis, L.D., Gewehr, C.E., Efeito de diferentes programas de iluminação para poedeiras semi-pesadas criadas em galpões abertos (2010) Biotemas, 23 (2), pp. 157-162Freitas, H.J., Gewehr, C.E., Cotta, J., (2003) Concentração De Postura De Poedeiras Brancas Sob fotoperíodos contínuos E Intermitente, pp. 1-12. , Anais do Congresso de Pós-graduação da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais. BrasilGewehr, C.E., Freitas, H.G., Iluminação intermitente para poedeiras criadas em galpões abertos (2007) Revista De Ciências Agroveterinárias, 6 (1), pp. 54-62(2001) Effects on Poultry, , http://www.iesna.org, [cited 2009 Jan 05](2012) Estatística Da produção agropecuária, , http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/agropecuaria/producaoagropecuaria/shtm, [cited 2012 Fev 20]Jácome, I., (2009) Diferentes Sistemas De iluminação Artificial Usados No Alojamento De Poedeiras Leves [Tese], , Campinas (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgrícolaMalpaux, B., Viguié, C., Thiéry, J.C., Contrôlé photopériodique de la reproduction (1996) INRA Productions Animales, 9 (1), pp. 9-23Mobarkey, N., Avital, N., Heiblum, R., Rozenboim, I., The role of retinal and extra-retinal photostimulation in reproductive activity in broiler breeder hens (2010) Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 38 (1), pp. 235-243Morris, T.R., The effects of ahemeral light and dark cycles on egg production in the fowl (1973) Poultry Science, 52 (1), pp. 423-445Morris, T.R., Midgley, M., Butler, E.A., Experiments with the Cornell intermittent lighting system for laying hens (1988) British Poultry Science Journal, 29 (2), pp. 325-332Morris, T.R., Midgley, M., Butler, E.A., Effect of age at starting Biomittent light on performance of laying hens (1990) British Poultry Science, 31 (1), pp. 447-455Morris, T.R., Butler, E.A., New intermittent lighting program (The reading system) for laying pullets (1995) British Poultry Science Journal, 36 (1), pp. 531-535Oishi, T., Lauber, J.R., Photoreception in the photosexual response of quail and Effects of intensity and wavelength (1973) American Journal of Physiology, 225, pp. 880-886Ostrander, C.E., Turner, C.N., Effect of various intensities of light on egg production of single comb white leghorn pullets (1962) Poultry Science, 40 (1), pp. 1440-1445Pavan, A.C., Garcia, E.A., Móri, C., Pizzolante, C.C., Piccinin, A., Efeito da Densidade na Gaiola sobre o Desempenho de Poedeiras Comerciais nas Fases de Cria, Recria e Produção (2005) Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 34 (4), pp. 1320-1328Rocha, D., (2008) Características Comportamentais De Emas Em Cativeiro Submetidas a Diferentes fotoperíodos E Diferentes relações macho:Fêmea [Tese], , Viçosa (MG): Universidade Federal de ViçosaRozenboim, I., Zilberman, E., Gvaryahu, G., New Monochromatic Light Source Laying Hens (1998) Poultry Science, 77 (11), pp. 1695-1698Rowland, K.W., Intermittent lighting for laying fowls: A review (1985) World’s Poultry Science Journal, 41 (1), pp. 5-20Sauveur, B., Photopériodisme et reproduction des oiseaux domestiques femelles (1996) Animal Production, 9 (1), pp. 25-34Sesti, L.A., Ito, N., (2000) Enfermidades Do Sistema Reprodutor, pp. 81-128. , Berchieri Junior A, Macari M, editores, Campinas: Fundação Apinco de Ciência e Tecnologia AvícolasSkouglund, W.C., Palmer, D.H., Wabeck, C.J., Verdaris, J.N., Light intensity required for maximum egg production in hens (1975) Poultry Science, 54 (5), pp. 1375-1378Tienhoven, A.V., Ostrander, C.E., Short total photoperiods and egg production of white leghorns (1976) World’s Poultry Science Journal, 55 (1), pp. 1361-1364Xie, D., Wang, Z.X., Dong, Y.L., Cao, J., Wang, J.F., Chen, J.L., Chen, Y.X., Effects of Monochromatic Light on Immune Response of Broilers (2008) Poultry Science, 87 (1), pp. 1535-153

Influence of artificial lighting on the performance and egg quality of commercial layers: a review

In Brazil, the egg production chain produces fresh eggs for the consumer market and for processing. Layers are housed in battery cage systems. Rearing and development farms are separate from egg-production farms. Considering the recent advance of Brazilian chicken egg production, scientific knowledge on management practices are required to disseminate and to consistently apply this knowledge to improve such practices. Artificial lighting is widely used in poultry reproduction, both in the production of hatchable eggs and of commercial eggs. Light is required for the release of hormones responsible for reproduction; however, the best lighting practices to stimulate laying poultry during the reproductive period still need to be determined, with the aim of saving electric energy, and therefore, to dilute production costs and comply with environmental sustainability requirements. This review showed that layers are indeed photostimulated with more than 12 hours of light, independently of the artificial lighting program applied. Results demonstrate that artificial lighting programs influence egg production, but not egg quality parameters. Intermittent lighting programs are good alternatives when layers are housed in open-sided houses, which are typically used in Brazil. Transcranial light reception is the most important route for the stimulation of reproduction in poultry.16433734

Land competition and monopsonistic monopoly: the role of the narco-insurgency in the colombian cocaine market

The main purpose of this paper is to model the role of the narco-insurgency in the structure and functioning of the colombian cocaine market. The narco-insurgency gets important profits from this market by controlling the land for producing coca-leaf, and the production of inputs for trading cocaine. These inputs could be paste or base of cocaine, or even cocaine before trading it to the final consumers. Those profits allow the narco-insurgency to configure and sustain such a market structure that guarantees it to obtain them permanently. We proceed by four steps. First, we model the land conflict between the narco-insurgency and the government. The output of this process is a valuation of the land for producing coca-leaf. The second stage concerns the farmers. By using violence, the narco-insurgency obligates the farmers to participate in the cocaine market as producers of coca-leaf. It charges them a tax for the coca-leaf production, and also it fixes them the coca-leaf price through its monopsonistic power. In the third stage, the narco-insurgency produces those inputs for trading cocaine and sell them monopolistically to cocaine traffickers, which compete each one in an oligopolistic market. The gap between the coca-leaf price and the price of inputs for trading cocaine explains the profits that narco-insurgency obtains from this illegal market

Land control or interdiction? Searching for a clue in the colombian cocaine market

The purpose of this note is to estimate the relative impact of interdiction and land control on the colombian cocaine market. The government interdicts part of the cocaine traffic and controls part of the arable land with the aim of weakening this illegal market. Our estimation depends on the price elasticity of the coca-leaf supply, in particular, the importance of the land with respect to other factors in the production of coca-leaf

Land competition and monopsonistic monopoly: the role of the narco-insurgency in the colombian cocaine market

The main purpose of this paper is to model the role of the narco-insurgency in the structure and functioning of the colombian cocaine market. The narco-insurgency gets important profits from this market by controlling the land for producing coca-leaf, and the production of inputs for trading cocaine. These inputs could be paste or base of cocaine, or even cocaine before trading it to the final consumers. Those profits allow the narco-insurgency to configure and sustain such a market structure that guarantees it to obtain them permanently. We proceed by four steps. First, we model the land conflict between the narco-insurgency and the government. The output of this process is a valuation of the land for producing coca-leaf. The second stage concerns the farmers. By using violence, the narco-insurgency obligates the farmers to participate in the cocaine market as producers of coca-leaf. It charges them a tax for the coca-leaf production, and also it fixes them the coca-leaf price through its monopsonistic power. In the third stage, the narco-insurgency produces those inputs for trading cocaine and sell them monopolistically to cocaine traffickers, which compete each one in an oligopolistic market. The gap between the coca-leaf price and the price of inputs for trading cocaine explains the profits that narco-insurgency obtains from this illegal market

Land control or interdiction? Searching for a clue in the colombian cocaine market

The purpose of this note is to estimate the relative impact of interdiction and land control on the colombian cocaine market. The government interdicts part of the cocaine traffic and controls part of the arable land with the aim of weakening this illegal market. Our estimation depends on the price elasticity of the coca-leaf supply, in particular, the importance of the land with respect to other factors in the production of coca-leaf