Automated land-use mapping from spacecraft data

The author has identified the following significant results. In response to the need for a faster, more economical means of producing land use maps, this study evaluated the suitability of using ERTS-1 computer compatible tape (CCT) data as a basis for automatic mapping. Significant findings are: (1) automatic classification accuracy greater than 90% is achieved on categories of deep and shallow water, tended grass, rangeland, extractive (bare earth), urban, forest land, and nonforested wet lands; (2) computer-generated printouts by target class provide a quantitative measure of land use; and (3) the generation of map overlays showing land use from ERTS-1 CCTs offers a significant breakthrough in the rate at which land use maps are generated. Rather than uncorrected classified imagery or computer line printer outputs, the processing results in geometrically-corrected computer-driven pen drawing of land categories, drawn on a transparent material at a scale specified by the operator. These map overlays are economically produced and provide an efficient means of rapidly updating maps showing land use

ERTS-1: Automated land-use mapping in lake watersheds

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 computer compatible tapes were used as a basis to generate land use maps in lake watersheds in southeastern Michigan. These maps, generated on a repetitive basis, provide information essential to governmental agencies concerned with planning and control of lake eutrophication. The ERTS mapping products included geometrically current land use map overlays at 1:250,000 and 1:48,000 scale and area measurement printouts. The printouts provide, within the watershed boundaries and by land use category, a quantitative measure of the amount of land, in square kilometers and acres. This quantitative measure of land use in watersheds is essential to the development and application of deterministic models, which compute nutrient flows into lakes and establish lake eutrophication rates

Lunar particle shadows and boundary layer experiment: Plasma and energetic particles on the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites

The lunar particle shadows and boundary layer experiments aboard the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites and scientific reduction and analysis of the data to date are discussed with emphasis on four major topics: solar particles; interplanetry particle phenomena; lunar interactions; and topology and dynamics of the magnetosphere at lunar orbit. The studies of solar and interplanetary particles concentrated on the low energy region which was essentially unexplored, and the studies of lunar interaction pointed up the transition from single particle to plasma characteristics. The analysis concentrated on the electron angular distributions as highly sensitive indicators of localized magnetization of the lunar surface. Magnetosphere experiments provided the first electric field measurements in the distant magnetotail, as well as comprehensive low energy particle measurements at lunar distance

Understanding causes and consequences of going ‘missing’

Key findings • Local authorities and central government define ‘missing’ in different ways reflecting differing concerns and agendas. • There is limited attention given to ‘missing’ unaccompanied young people seeking asylum once they turn 18. • The transition to institutional adulthood (at 18 years) greatly increases young people’s anxieties and fears about their futures. Fear of being apprehended and deported drives many young people with no secure status to disengage from services and abscond. • Disengaging from services means for many an abrupt transition into precarity and destitution. Absconding means relying on community and support networks and may lead to forms of exploitation and vulnerabilit

Industrial Applications of Auger Surface Analysis

Scanning Auger microscopy is distinguished by its unique combination of surface selectivity, high spatial resolution, ease of identifying elements and quantifying composition, and ability to distinguish between chemical states. This paper describes several applications of scanning Auger microscopy, emphasizing the range of industrial research activities: 1. Electronic Materials. Contamination in an integrated circuit processing facility was identified and procedures for its removal determined. Causes for the delamination of printed circuit board foils were identified. Superlattice films were characterized and the deposition process evaluated. 2. Tribology. Analysis of surfaces in lubricated sliding contact revealed the effects of con tact kinematics and of molybdenum antifriction additives. 3. Corrosion. Early growth stages of phosphate coatings were found to be associated with a thin phosphate layer, not visible in SEM, interspersed with larger crystals. A corrosion layer on stainless steel/aluminum bimetal trim was shown to contain calcium carbonate and silicate deposits consistent with its galvanic protection mechanism. 4. Catalysis. Oxidation studies of Pd/ Rh alloys revealed varying surface compositions as a function of heat treatment temperature. Several problems commonly encountered in Auger analysis are described and ways of minimizing or estimating their effects are discussed

Protecting the ‘best interests’ of the child in transition to adulthood

Key findings • Out-of-county placements for unaccompanied asylum seeking children have increased in the last few years. • Placements happen without transfer of responsibility between Local Authorities (LAs). LAs receiving young people report having little or no information provided about them. This lack of information affects the capacity of professionals within the LA to address emerging care needs and provide timely access to services and support. • Money-saving concerns are affecting the care LAs are able to provide to young people seeking asylum in their care. Services for older children seem particularly affected and there is evidence that the quality of service provision can sharply decline as they become care leavers at 18. • Closer collaboration between LAs and the Home Office means that social workers find it more difficult to build trust with and to fulfil their statutory duties towards migrant young people in their car

Single shot parameter estimation via continuous quantum measurement

We present filtering equations for single shot parameter estimation using continuous quantum measurement. By embedding parameter estimation in the standard quantum filtering formalism, we derive the optimal Bayesian filter for cases when the parameter takes on a finite range of values. Leveraging recent convergence results [van Handel, arXiv:0709.2216 (2008)], we give a condition which determines the asymptotic convergence of the estimator. For cases when the parameter is continuous valued, we develop quantum particle filters as a practical computational method for quantum parameter estimation.Comment: 9 pages, 5 image

Conical scan impact study. Volume 2: Small local user data processing facility

The impact of a conical scan versus a linear scan multispectral scanner (MSS) instrument on a small local-user data processing facility was studied. User data requirements were examined to determine the unique system rquirements for a low cost ground system (LCGS) compatible with the Earth Observatory Satellite (EOS) system. Candidate concepts were defined for the LCGS and preliminary designs were developed for selected concepts. The impact of a conical scan MSS versus a linear scan MSS was evaluated for the selected concepts. It was concluded that there are valid user requirements for the LCGS and, as a result of these requirements, the impact of the conical scanner is minimal, although some new hardware development for the LCGS is necessary to handle conical scan data

Satellite data relay and platform locating in oceanography. Report of the In Situ Ocean Science Working Group

The present and future use of satellites to locate offshore platforms and relay data from in situ sensors to shore was examined. A system of the ARGOS type will satisfy the increasing demand for oceanographic information through data relay and platform location. The improved ship navigation provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) will allow direct observation of currents from underway ships. Ocean systems are described and demand estimates on satellite systems are determined. The capabilities of the ARGOS system is assessed, including anticipated demand in the next decade

The photoionization dynamics of the three structural isomers of dichloroethene

Using tunable vacuum-UV radiation from a synchrotron, the threshold photoelectron spectrum, threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectrum and ion breakdown diagram of the 1,1, cis-1,2 and trans-1,2 isomers of C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$ have been recorded in the range 9-23 eV. The energies of the peaks in the threshold photoelectron spectrum are in good agreement with outer-valence Greens function caculations. The major difference between the isomers, both predicted and observed experimentally is that the F and G states of C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2^+$ are approximately degenerate for 1,1 and trans-1,2, but well separated for the cis-1,2 isomer. The ground and low-lying valence states of C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2^+$ are bound, with higher-lying states dissociating to C$_2$H$_2$Cl$^+$ or C$_2$H$_2^+$. The translational kinetic energy release into C$_2$H$_2$Cl$^+$ + Cl is determined as a function of energy. Isolated-state behaviour for the low-lying electronic states of C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2^+$ becomes more statistical as the energy increases