Humiliated fury is not universal: the co-occurrence of anger and shame in the United States and Japan

It has been widely believed that individuals transform high-intensity shame into anger because shame is unbearably painful. This phenomenon was first coined “humiliated fury,” and it has since received empirical support. The current research tests the novel hypothesis that shame-related anger is not universal, yet hinges on the cultural meanings of anger and shame. Two studies compared the occurrence of shamerelated anger in North American cultural contexts (where shame is devalued and anger is valued) to its occurrence in Japanese contexts (where shame is valued and anger is devalued). In a daily-diary study, participants rated anger and shame feelings during shame situations that occurred over one week. In a vignette study, participants rated anger and shame in response to standardised shame vignettes that were generated in previous research by either U.S. or Japanese respondents. Across the two studies, and in line with previous research on humiliated fury, shame predicted anger for U.S. participants. Yet, neither in the daily diary study nor for the Japanese-origin vignettes, did we find shame-related anger in Japanese participants. Only when presented with U.S.-origin vignettes, did Japanese respondents in the vignette study report shame-related anger. The findings suggest that shame-related anger is a culture-specific phenomenon

Integration based profile likelihood calculation for PDE constrained parameter estimation problems.

Partial differential equation (PDE) models are widely used in engineering and natural sciences to describe spatio-temporal processes. The parameters of the considered processes are often unknown and have to be estimated from experimental data. Due to partial observations and measurement noise, these parameter estimates are subject to uncertainty. This uncertainty can be assessed using profile likelihoods, a reliable but computationally intensive approach. In this paper, we present the integration based approach for the profile likelihood calculation developed by (Chen and Jennrich 2002 J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 11 714-32) and adapt it to inverse problems with PDE constraints. While existing methods for profile likelihood calculation in parameter estimation problems with PDE constraints rely on repeated optimization, the proposed approach exploits a dynamical system evolving along the likelihood profile. We derive the dynamical system for the unreduced estimation problem, prove convergence and study the properties of the integration based approach for the PDE case. To evaluate the proposed method, we compare it with state-of-the-art algorithms for a simple reaction-diffusion model for a cellular patterning process. We observe a good accuracy of the method as well as a significant speed up as compared to established methods. Integration based profile calculation facilitates rigorous uncertainty analysis for computationally demanding parameter estimation problems with PDE constraints

Continuous analogue to iterative optimization for PDE-constrained inverse problems.

The parameters of many physical processes are unknown and have to be inferred from experimental data. The corresponding parameter estimation problem is often solved using iterative methods such as steepest descent methods combined with trust regions. For a few problem classes also continuous analogues of iterative methods are available. In this work, we expand the application of continuous analogues to function spaces and consider PDE (partial differential equation)-constrained optimization problems. We derive a class of continuous analogues, here coupled ODE (ordinary differential equation)-PDE models, and prove their convergence to the optimum under mild assumptions. We establish sufficient bounds for local stability and convergence for the tuning parameter of this class of continuous analogues, the retraction parameter. To evaluate the continuous analogues, we study the parameter estimation for a model of gradient formation in biological tissues. We observe good convergence properties, indicating that the continuous analogues are an interesting alternative to state-of-the-art iterative optimization methods

Influencing and adjusting in daily emotional situations: A comparison of European and Asian American action styles

Emotions are for action, but action styles in emotional episodes may vary across cultural contexts. Based on culturally different models of agency, we expected that those who engage in European American contexts will use more influence in emotional situations, while those who engage in East Asian contexts will use more adjustment. European American (N = 60) and Asian American (N = 44) college students reported their action style during emotional episodes four times a day during a week. Asian Americans adjusted more than European Americans, whereas both used influence to a similar extent. These cultural differences in action style varied across types of emotion experienced. Moreover, influencing was associated with life satisfaction for European Americans, but not for Asian Americans.status: publishe

Fundamental relationships between 3D pore topology, electrolyte conduction and flow properties : towards knowledge-based design of ceramic diaphragms for sensor applications

Porous Diaphragms in pH-Sensors must meet apparently contradicting requirements such has high conductivity vs. low permeability and low outflow rate of the electrolyte vs. high flow velocity. In this study we intend to lay the foundations for knowledge-based materials design, so that the required materials properties can be achieved. This approach is based on a quantitative understanding of the relationships between 3D topological parameters with the corresponding effective transport properties (flow/permeability and conductivity). All transport relevant topological parameters (i.e. tortuosity, constrictivity, porosity and hydraulic radius) are determined by FIBtomography and 3D image analysis. Effective properties (conduction and flow) are determined a) by 3D numerical simulation and b) with experimental characterization. The experimental work includes fabrication and characterization of porous YSZ sintered at 1250, 1300 and 1350 ÅãC. Fundamental relationships are established by comparison of topological data with results from simulation and from experiment. The following design guidelines are then postulated: a) flow properties are adjusted independently from the conduction via manipulation of the hydraulic radius, b) high local flow velocity and at the same time relatively low volume outflow can be achieved by adjusting the constrictivity via manipulation of sintering conditions and with addition of pore former