Liquid immersion apparatus for minute articles

Apparatus is disclosed for immersing minute integrated circuit chips in an etching solution in manufacturing integrated circuits during research and development. The apparatus includes a holder, having a handle and basket support for carrying a removable unitary basket and lid structure where fluid flow-through passages are formed, and wherein graduated openings in the handle provide for adjustably supporting the basket in a breaker at a desired level

Commitment Laws and Homelessness Among Chronically Mentally Ill Persons: Is There a Need for a More Liberal Commitment Law?

The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.Presenter: John R. Belcher, Ph.D. - "Commitment Laws and Homelessness Among Chronically Mentally Ill Persons: Is There a Need for a More Liberal Commitment Law?".The Ohio State University College of Social Wor

Preparation of a record keeping hand book for music educators to be tentatively known as the Daily Music Record

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

How to Help the Working Poor Develop Assets

This article explores the inability of the working poor to withstand income shocks. Because they often lack assets, the working poor are increasingly vulnerable to increasing deprivation. Interestingly, the welfare state enables the middle-class to develop and maintain assets through institutional arrangements. It is argued that solutions to the problem of poverty must include ways for the working poor also to develop and maintain assets

A Design for Advanced Preparation of Educational Researchers. (Volumes I and II)

Statement of the problem. The central problem of this study was twofold: (1) to determine whether the educational research preparation offered by selected colleges and universities bore out the findings of critics, and (2) to synthesize and synergize opinions and facts regarding educational research, as expressed by men active in the field, into a flexible proposal whereby individual student\u27s programs in research preparation could be custom-made to suit their most obvious research needs. (Abstract shortened.

The Board of Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

In January 1953, the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania appointed three trustee committees to report on administrative, educational, and athletic phases of the University\u27s activities. This action subsequently led to the creation of The Educational Survey-a study in depth. During the past five years, the Survey has enlisted the aid of some 300 persons from the University itself and approximately a hundred individuals of special competence from other institutions, foundations, corporations, and governmental agencies. Under its aegis, twenty-six separate major studies have been completed, centering upon the activities of individual schools, departments, and areas of University activity. Inasmuch as the Survey was directed toward any influence which affected education and research, a study of an important sector of the University-the Board of Trustees-was initiated with the unanimous consent of the Trustees themselves in February 1957. Donald R. Belcher, formerly Treasurer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Assistant Director of the United States Bureau of the Budget, and Regents Professor at the University of California (Berkeley), was persuaded to undertake the study. A committee of the Board of Trustees was appointed to serve as an advisory group; later all members of the Board were utilized as an advisory committee

Poverty, Homelessness, and Racial Exclusion

This article reviews the societal forces that have made homelessness the end result of racial exclusion and inner city isolation. It is argued that significant societal change is necessary to reduce racial exclusion and prevent homelessness

A Design for Advanced Preparation of Educational Researchers. (volumes I and II)

Statement of the problem. The central problem of this study was twofold: (1) to determine whether the educational research preparation offered by selected colleges and universities bore out the findings of critics, and (2) to synthesize and synergize opinions and facts regarding educational research, as expressed by men active in the field, into a flexible proposal whereby individual student\u27s programs in research preparation could be custom-made to suit their most obvious research needs. (Abstract shortened.

Viscous coupling of shear-free turbulence across nearly flat fluid interfaces

The interactions between shear-free turbulence in two regions (denoted as + and − on either side of a nearly flat horizontal interface are shown here to be controlled by several mechanisms, which depend on the magnitudes of the ratios of the densities, ρ+/ρ−, and kinematic viscosities of the fluids, μ+/μ−, and the root mean square (r.m.s.) velocities of the turbulence, u0+/u0−, above and below the interface. This study focuses on gas–liquid interfaces so that ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and also on where turbulence is generated either above or below the interface so that u0+/u0− is either very large or very small. It is assumed that vertical buoyancy forces across the interface are much larger than internal forces so that the interface is nearly flat, and coupling between turbulence on either side of the interface is determined by viscous stresses. A formal linearized rapid-distortion analysis with viscous effects is developed by extending the previous study by Hunt & Graham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 84, 1978, pp. 209–235) of shear-free turbulence near rigid plane boundaries. The physical processes accounted for in our model include both the blocking effect of the interface on normal components of the turbulence and the viscous coupling of the horizontal field across thin interfacial viscous boundary layers. The horizontal divergence in the perturbation velocity field in the viscous layer drives weak inviscid irrotational velocity fluctuations outside the viscous boundary layers in a mechanism analogous to Ekman pumping. The analysis shows the following. (i) The blocking effects are similar to those near rigid boundaries on each side of the interface, but through the action of the thin viscous layers above and below the interface, the horizontal and vertical velocity components differ from those near a rigid surface and are correlated or anti-correlated respectively. (ii) Because of the growth of the viscous layers on either side of the interface, the ratio uI/u0, where uI is the r.m.s. of the interfacial velocity fluctuations and u0 the r.m.s. of the homogeneous turbulence far from the interface, does not vary with time. If the turbulence is driven in the lower layer with ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and u0+/u0− ≪ 1, then uI/u0− ~ 1 when Re (=u0−L−/ν−) ≫ 1 and R = (ρ−/ρ+)(v−/v+)1/2 ≫ 1. If the turbulence is driven in the upper layer with ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and u0+/u0− ≫ 1, then uI/u0+ ~ 1/(1 + R). (iii) Nonlinear effects become significant over periods greater than Lagrangian time scales. When turbulence is generated in the lower layer, and the Reynolds number is high enough, motions in the upper viscous layer are turbulent. The horizontal vorticity tends to decrease, and the vertical vorticity of the eddies dominates their asymptotic structure. When turbulence is generated in the upper layer, and the Reynolds number is less than about 106–107, the fluctuations in the viscous layer do not become turbulent. Nonlinear processes at the interface increase the ratio uI/u0+ for sheared or shear-free turbulence in the gas above its linear value of uI/u0+ ~ 1/(1 + R) to (ρ+/ρ−)1/2 ~ 1/30 for air–water interfaces. This estimate agrees with the direct numerical simulation results from Lombardi, De Angelis & Bannerjee (Phys. Fluids, vol. 8, no. 6, 1996, pp. 1643–1665). Because the linear viscous–inertial coupling mechanism is still significant, the eddy motions on either side of the interface have a similar horizontal structure, although their vertical structure differs