StemNet: An Evolving Service for Knowledge Networking in the Life Sciences

Up until now, crucial life science information resources, whether bibliographic or factual databases, are isolated from each other. Moreover, semantic metadata intended to structure their contents is supplied in a manual form only. In the StemNet project we aim at developing a framework for semantic interoperability for these resources. This will facilitate the extraction of relevant information from textual sources and the generation of semantic metadata in a fully automatic manner. In this way, (from a computational perspective) unstructured life science documents are linked to structured biological fact databases, in particular to the identifiers of genes, proteins, etc. Thus, life scientists will be able to seamlessly access information from a homogeneous platform, despite the fact that the original information was unlinked and scattered over the whole variety of heterogeneous life science information resources and, therefore, almost inaccessible for integrated systematic search by academic, clinical, or industrial users

Interference of five problematic weed species with rice growth and yield

Five weed species namely, Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperus difformis L., Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Paspalum paspaloides (Mich.) Scribner, and Marsilea minuta L. were selected for the assessment of their level of competition with two commonly grown rice varieties viz. Basmati-385 and Super Basmati. Root and shoot growth as well as grain yield, in both rice cultivars, were adversely affected due to the weed competition in the field experiments. In general, Super Basmati was found to be comparatively more tolerant to weed infestation than Basmati-385. There were 6 to 40% and 21 to 56% reduction in grain yield of Super Basmati and Basmati-385, respectively, due to different weed species. E. colonum was found to be the most damaging weed which resulted in the highest grain yield losses of 56 and 42% in Basmati-385 and Super Basmati, respectively. P. paspaloides was found to be the second most damaging weed species which caused 47% yield losses in Basmati-385. It was concluded from the study that E. colonum was the most competitive weed. It resulted in the highest yield losses in rice especially in var. Basmati-385.Keywords: Rice, weeds, yield losses

Herbicidal effects of aqueous extracts of three Chenopodium species on Avena fatua

Herbicidal effects of aqueous leaf extracts of three Chenopodium species; Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium murale L. and Chenopodium ambrosioides were evaluated on wild oat (Avena fatua L.), one of the problematic weeds of wheat. Among the aqueous extracts of 0, 2, 4 and 6% (w/v) employed in bioassays, 6% of C. album and 2% of C. murale caused significant inhibition in germination of A. fatua resulting in 66 and 34% decline in germination, respectively. Lower concentration of 2% of all the three Chenopodium species enhanced seedling growth of A. fatua. The highest extract concentration of C. album (6%) markedly suppressed both length and biomass of shoot of test weed species. The highest herbicidal effect was exhibited by 6% C. album leaf extract, resulting in 88, 89, 70 and 92% reduction in maximum and total root length, number of roots and root biomass, respectively. This study concludes that the aqueous leaf extracts of C. album contain herbicidal constituents for the management of A. fatua.Key words: Aqueous extracts, Avena fatua, Chenopodium, natural herbicides

Water-lubricated Ni-based Composite (Ni-Al2O3, Ni-SiC and Ni-ZrO2) Thin Film Coatings for Industrial Applications

In this work, pure nickel and Ni-based nanocomposite coatings (Ni-Al2O3, Ni-SiC and Ni-ZrO2) were produced on steel substrate by pulse electrodeposition technique. The industrial performance tests were conducted to evaluate the wear-resistance, corrosion-resistance, adhesion strength and wettability behavior of newly developed coatings. Rolling contact ball-on-disc tribometer was used to assess anti-wear behaviour of these coatings under water-lubricated contacts. The results showed that the wear and corrosion resistance properties of nickel alumina and Ni-SiC composite coatings significantly improved than that of pure Ni and Ni-ZrO2 coatings. The adhesion and wettability results of Ni-Al2O3 composite showed better performance when compared to the rest of the coatings. The effects of incorporating nanoparticles on the surface microstructure, interface adhesion and distribution of the particles were also investigated. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and 3D white light interferometry. The wear failure behaviour of these coatings was further examined by post-test surface observation under optical microscope

Peri-articular diseases of the hip: emerging frontiers in arthroscopic and endoscopic treatments

The precise diagnosis of both intra and extra-capsular disease of the hip is now possible because of commonly available advanced diagnostic imaging techniques. An increasing number of reports in the orthopedic literature describe new endoscopic and arthroscopic techniques to address peri-articular pathology of the hip. The purpose of this paper is to review current techniques in the management of extra-articular hip conditions

GENETIC CONTROL OF TEST-DAY MILK YIELD IN SAHIWAL CATTLE

Heritabilities of test-day (TD) and 305-day milk yield were estimated using performance records of 780 first lactation Sahiwal cows, following two models. In the first model, estimated 305-day lactation milk yields were analyzed through an individual animal model with period-season of calving as fixed effect and additive genetic effect as random factor. The second model was a repeatability model where monthly milk yield records were analyzed using period-season of calving as fixed effect and additive genetic effect and permanent environmental effect as random factors. The age at calving, ratio of days in milk to 305-day (as linear and quadratic components) and their reciprocal logs were used as covariables. The heritability estimates for 305-day and TD milk yields were 0.082 and 0.024, respectively. Heritability estimates of individual TDs ranged from 0 to 0.274. The relative proportion of permanent environment variance to total variance was 0.498. Heritability of individual test-day milk yield was highest in the mid-lactation (TD6-TD8). Lower genetic control of test day and lactation milk yield in the present study needs validation using larger data sets with accurate pedigree recording

Fabrication and characterisation of electrodeposited and magnetron sputtered thin films

The MnO-Zn thin films were fabricated by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and compared with pulse electrodeposition (PED) Zn thin films, doped with MnO and ZrO nanoparticles. Surface morphology, structural properties, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of these coatings were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), 3-D Scanning Interferometry and environmental chamber. Surface morphology and degree of crystallinity have different behaviour for differen t deposi tion method. Pulse coated films have polycrystalline structure with high surface roughness (Ra) whereas sputtered films are mono-crystalline with reduced roughness (Ra). Corrosion tests of both RF sputter and PED films revealed that the distribution of corrosion products formed on the surface of sputter films were not severe in extent as in case of electrodeposited coatings. Results showed that the doping of ZrO nano-sized particles in Zn matrix and Mn-Zn composite films significantly improved the corrosion resistance of PED thin films

Fabrication and characterisation of electrodeposited and magnertron-sputtered thin films

The MnO–Zn thin films were fabricated by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and compared with pulse electrodeposition (PED) Zn thin films, doped with MnO and ZrO nanoparticles. Surface morphology, structural properties, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of these coatings were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, 3-D scanning interferometry and environmental chamber. Surface morphology and degree of crystallinity have different behaviours for different deposition methods. Pulse-coated films have polycrystalline structure with high surface roughness (Ra), whereas sputtered films are monocrystalline with reduced roughness (Ra). Corrosion tests of both RF sputter and PED films revealed that the distribution of corrosion products formed on the surface of sputter films were not severe in extent as in case of electrodeposited coatings. Results showed that the doping of ZrO nano-sized particles in Zn matrix and Mn–Zn composite films significantly improved the corrosion resistance of PED thin films. Keywords: Corrosion resistance, electro-deposition, magnetron sputtering, surface analysis, thin films

ESTIMATION OF BREEDING VALUES OF SAHIWAL CATTLE USING TEST DAY MILK YIELDS

Estimated breeding values of test-day (TD) and 305-day milk yield were calculated to compare ranking of animals on the basis of two information sources under an animal model. Two statistical models were used to analyze 780 first lactation (305-day) and monthly milk yield records. The first model was an individual animal model to analyze lactation milk yield with period-season of calving as fixed effect, while the second model was a repeatability model where monthly milk yield records were analyzed using period-season of calving as fixed effect and animals’ additive genetic effect and permanent environmental effect as random factors. In this model, the age at calving, ratio of days in milk to 305-day (as linear and quadratic components) and their reciprocal logs were used as covariables. Ranking of animals for estimated breeding values from the two models was compared. The rank correlations were 0.927 and 0.923 for sires and cows, respectively. Largest rank shift measured in sires and cows showed that ranking of sire was affected less than that of cows. Phenotypic and genetic correlations did not show any clear pattern due to limited number of observations. Higher values of rank correlations suggested that TD milk yields could be used instead of 305-day lactation yields for genetic evaluation of sires and cows. Detailed studies involving larger data sets were however, suggested for validation of results

Measuring physical activity levels in people with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia

Measuring physical activity (PA) in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia can be difficult. The aim was to investigate the validity and acceptability of three different PA measurement methods.The mixed-method analysis included 49 participants with MCI or dementia who completed a daily calendar recording PA, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire and wore a Misfit Shine accelerometer. The quantitative analysis showed equal completion rates for the IPAQ questionnaire and the accelerometer but a lower completion rate for the calendar. Correlations between outcome measures were moderate or strong. The qualitative analysis indicated that all measures were acceptable, though help to complete the calendars or fasten the accelerometers was required for some participants. The study supported the validity of these methods for people with MCI and mild dementia. Using accelerometers and completing calendars might increase motivation to be active for some people