23 research outputs found
Characteristics of Hospitalized Children With a Diagnosis of Malnutrition
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141004/1/jpen0623-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141004/2/jpen0623.pd
Plot by plot: plotting urbanism as an ordinary process of urbanization
With this paper, we analyse an ordinary urban process, which has received little attention so far and propose a new concept to take account of it: plotting urbanism. It is usually subsumed
under terms like âurban informalityâ or âincremental urbanismâ and not studied as a distinct process. In comparing Lagos, Istanbul and Shenzhen we captured four defining features of
plotting urbanism: first, it unfolds in a piecemeal fashion with limited comprehensive planning. Second, it emerges from conflicts between multiple overlapping modes of territorial regulation, land tenure and property rights, which result in specific territorial compromises. Third, plotting is based on commodification of housing and land, which might accentuate socio-economic differentiations between property-owners, who often live in the same area, and their tenants. The term âplottingâ highlights the key role of the plot in the process. It also alludes to strategic acts of collaboration for individual and collaborative benefit
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Cross-subsidies for improved sanitation in low income settlements: Assessing the willingness to pay of water utility customers in Kenyan cities
Most residents of the developing world do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and large financial investments are required to address this need. Here we evaluate surcharges on water/sewerage tariffs as an option for supporting these investments in low-income neighborhoods. We investigated willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pro-poor sanitation surcharge among customers of two urban water utilities in Kenya. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, and a double-bounded contingent valuation method for measuring WTP. We varied scenarios quasi-experimentally to study the effects of messaging and surcharge characteristics and evaluated factors associated with WTP. Our study finds that mean WTP was 290 KES (USD 2.9) per month, about 8% of the average water bill; median WTP was 100 KES (USD 1). In a multivariate analysis, WTP was significantly higher among customers that were younger, wealthier, shared toilets, and had higher water bills. WTP was also higher among customers that trusted the utility and distrusted the county government. Of our randomized scenarios, only the bill type was found to significantly influence WTP; WTP was higher if the surcharge was presented as a proportion of the customersâ last water bill vs a flat amount. Our findings suggest that in a sector that struggles to provide universal access to sanitation services, cross-subsidies may offer a means to support financing of safe sanitation for low-income households. These results indicate there are opportunities for cross-subsidies in urban Kenya that may be relevant for a wider understanding of surcharge payments that support basic services for low-income citizens
Chronic toxicity test with sea urchin Echinometra lucunter and Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), exposed to light-stick - flag paternoster used for longline surface fishing
In this work, the chronic toxicity of a mixture of light-stick chemicals and water was tested. The light-stick is used in fishery activities to catch swordfish. The tubes were collected on the beaches of the Costa dos Coqueiros - BA, Brazil, in the period from 14th to 31st July 2007. The method used was a short chronic toxicity test where embryos of the sea urchins Echinometra lucunter and Lytechinus variegatus were exposed to a stock solution consisting of the supernatant formed from a mixture of sea water and the orange-colored light-stick chemical. After a preliminary test, concentrations defined were 0.002, 0.003, 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 1.0% of stock solution. The final test ran for 36 hours for E. Lucunter and 24 hours for L. variegatus with 4 replicates for each concentration. The value of EC50 - 36h was 0.062% with confidence limits ranging from 0.042 to 0.079% and the EC50 - 24h was 0.011% with confidence limits ranging from 0.009 to 0.014%, i.e., the chemical mix present in the light-stick is potentially toxic. So, as these flags are commonly used for fishing there is potential danger in their disposal in the open ocean.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade crĂŽnica da ĂĄgua do mar em contato com o lĂquido contido no light-stick, sinalizador utilizado em pesca de espinhel de superfĂcie para a captura de espadarte. Os tubos foram coletados nas praias da Costa dos Coqueiros - BA, no perĂodo de 14 a 31 de Julho de 2007. O mĂ©todo utilizado para a verificação da toxicidade crĂŽnica foi o teste de curta duração com embriĂ”es de ouriço-do-mar Echinometra lucunter e Lytechinus variegatus, os ensaios foram realizados com solução estoque que consiste do sobrenadante formado a partir de uma mistura de ĂĄgua do mar com o lĂquido do sinalizador de coloração laranja. ApĂłs um teste preliminar as concentraçÔes definidas foram 0.002; 0.003; 0.01; 0.02; 0.1; 1.0%. O teste definitivo teve duração de 36 horas para E. lucunter e 24 horas para L. variegatus, sendo preparadas 4 rĂ©plicas para cada concentração. O valor da CE50 - 36h encontrado foi de 0.062% com limites de aceitabilidade variando de 0.042 a 0.079% e a CE50 - 24h encontrada foi de 0.011% com limites de aceitabilidade variando de 0.009 a 0.014%, ou seja, os compostos quĂmicos presentes no light-stick sĂŁo potencialmente tĂłxicos. Portanto jĂĄ que esses sinalizadores sĂŁo utilizados comumente como petrechos de pesca hĂĄ a necessidade de que eles sejam recolhidos, pois podem causar efeitos adversos quando abrem nos oceanos