32,298 research outputs found
Treaty Exit in the United States: Insights from the United Kingdom or South Africa?
This essay, a contribution to an AJIL Unbound symposium on âTreaty Exit at the Interface of Domestic and International Law,â compares treaty exit in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. After examining the longstanding practice of unilateral presidential withdrawals from treaties in the United States and the refusal to date of U.S. courts to review the constitutionality of that practice, the essay summarizes recent judicial decisions in the United Kingdom and South Africa holding that parliamentary approval was required before these nations could withdraw from treaties committing them, respectively, to the European Union and the International Criminal Court. We conclude that these decisionsâwhile important and interesting in their own rightâoffer limited insights for debates in the United States over whether the President has unilateral treaty withdrawal authority and how such withdrawals might affect statutes implementing international agreements
Scale invariant thermodynamics of a toroidally trapped Bose gas
We consider a system of bosonic atoms in an axially symmetric harmonic trap
augmented with a two dimensional repulsive Gaussian optical potential. We find
an expression for the grand free energy of the system for configurations
ranging from the harmonic trap to the toroidal regime. For large tori we
identify an accessible regime where the ideal gas thermodynamics of the system
are found to be independent of toroidal radius. This property is a consequence
of an invariant extensive volume of the system that we identify analytically in
the regime where the toroidal potential is radially harmonic. In considering
corrections to the scale invariant transition temperature, we find that the
first order interaction shift is the dominant effect in the thermodynamic
limit, and is also scale invariant. We also consider adiabatic loading from the
harmonic to toroidal trap configuration, which we show to have only a small
effect on the condensate fraction of the ideal gas, indicating that loading
into the scale invariant regime may be experimentally practical.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. A, typos corrected,
references added, rewritten to emphasize generalized volume. Results
unchange
The Sun as a Star: 13 years of SoHO
The best known Solar oscillation-like star is the Sun. During the last 14
years, the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) has been
continuously observing this star from the Lagrange point L1 with an enormous
success. Among the 11 instruments placed onboard, 3 of them are dedicated to
helioseismology: GOLF, VIRGO and MDI. The first two observe the Sun as a star
by integrating the velocity or intensity signal of the visible solar disk into
a single point. They are thus similar to any other observation done in
asteroseismology. During this review I will present the most important results
obtained during the mission concerning the Sun seen as a star and how this
results have evolved our thoughts of the inside of our star.Comment: Proceedings of the Stellar Pulsation Conference. Santa Fe. 6 pages, 4
figure
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Instabilities and soot formation in spherically expanding, high pressure, rich, iso-octane-air flames
Flame instabilities, cellular structures and soot formed in high pressure, rich, spherically expanding iso-octane-air flames have been studied experimentally using high speed Schlieren cinematography, OH fluorescence, Mie scattering and laser induced incandescence. Cellular structures with two wavelength ranges developed on the flame surface. The larger wavelength cellular structure was produced by the Landau-Darrieus hydrodynamic instability, while the short wavelength cellular structure was produced by the thermal-diffusive instability. Large negative curvature in the short wavelength cusps caused local flame quenching and fracture of the flame surface. In rich flames with equivalence ratio Ï > 1.8, soot was formed in a honeycomb-like structure behind flame cracks associated with the large wavelength cellular structure induced by the hydrodynamic instability. The formation of soot precursors through low temperature pyrolysis was suggested as a suitable mechanism for the initiation of soot formation behind the large wavelength flame cracks
The impacts of human resource management practices and pay inequality on workers' job satisfaction
In this paper we investigate the relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and workers' overall job satisfaction and their satisfaction with pay. To investigate these issues we use British data from the 'Changing Employment Relationships, Employment Contracts and the Future of Work Survey' and the 'Workplace Employment Relations Survey'. After controlling for personal, job and firm characteristics, it is shown that several HRM practices raise workers overall job satisfaction and their satisfaction with pay, but these effects are only significant for non-union members. Satisfaction with pay is higher where performance-related pay and seniority-based reward systems are in place. A pay structure that is perceived to be unequal is associated with a substantial reduction in both non-union members' overall job satisfaction and their satisfaction with pay. Although HRM practices can raise worker job satisfaction, if workplace pay inequality widens as a consequence then non-union members may experience reduced job satisfaction.
As-received microstructure of a SiC/Ti-15-3 composite
A silicon carbide fiber reinforced titanium (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) composite is metallographically examined. Several methods for examining composite materials are investigated and documented. Polishing techniques for this material are described. An interference layering method is developed to reveal the structure of the fiber, the reaction zone, and various phases within the matrix. Microprobe and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses are performed on the fiber/matrix interface. A detailed description of the fiber distribution as well as the microstructure of the fiber and matrix are presented
Estimation and optimal designing under latent variable models for paired comparisons studies via a multiplicative algorithm
We consider:<BR/>
1. The problem of estimating the parameters of latent variable models such as the Bradley Terry or Thurstone Model by the method of maximum likelihood, given data from a paired comparisons experiment. The parameters of these models can be taken to be weights which are positive and sum to one;<BR/>
2. The problem of determining approximate locally optimal designs for good estimation of these parameters; i.e of determining optimal design weights which are also positive and sum to one
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