17 research outputs found

    Vermessene Vielfalt

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    Die biologische Vielfalt (BiodiversitĂ€t) auf unserem Planeten ist nicht nur beeindruckend, sondern auch von existenzieller Bedeutung fĂŒr das Leben und Wohlergehen der Menschheit. Die Erhaltung der BiodiversitĂ€t stellt eine der grĂ¶ĂŸten globalen Herausforderungen fĂŒr das 21. Jh. dar. Sowohl internationale Vertragswerke, wie die von ĂŒber 190 Staaten ratifizierte BiodiversitĂ€tskonvention, als auch nationale Gesetze und Strategien setzen sich einen umfassenden Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt zum Ziel. Die Indikatoren-Sets GefĂ€ĂŸpflanzenvielfalt und Naturdistanz sind Beispiele, wie der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Landnutzungsformen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t beschrieben und rĂ€umlich dargestellt werden kann. Diese Indikatoren wurden im Rahmen des transdisziplinĂ€ren Projektes „Werkzeuge fĂŒr Modelle einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaft“ (2008-2011) erstmals flĂ€chendeckend fĂŒr ganz Österreich berechnet und öffentlich zur VerfĂŒgung gestellt (www.landnutzung.at). In einem Folgeprojekt wurden diese Indikatoren dazu verwendet, die Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Politikmaßnahmen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t im Jahre 2040 zu bewerten. HierfĂŒr wurde ein interdisziplinĂ€rer und integrativer Modellverbund geschaffen, der rĂ€umlich detaillierte Analysen unterschiedlicher Politik- und Klimaszenarien und der daraus resultierenden Landnutzung ermöglicht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Auswirkungen regional sehr stark variieren und sich von den Ergebnissen auf nationaler Ebene betrĂ€chtlich unterscheiden können. Das unterstreicht die Bedeutung einer rĂ€umlich hochaufgelösten Betrachtung

    Stay home, stay safe? High habitat suitability and environmental connectivity increases road mortality in a colonizing mesocarnivore

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    Context Anthropogenic structures have considerable effects on ecosystems, disrupting natural population processes and representing a serious risk in terms of vehicle collisions. The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a mesocarnivore species whose range is expanding in Europe. Roadkills are one of the main human-induced mortalities in Italy to the species. Objectives Identify road-related characteristics and ecological factors related to golden jackal roadkill risk in Italy. Methods We used habitat suitability (Maxent) and connectivity (Circuit theory) models to derive 15 metrics potentially affecting roadkill risk. We tested their influence using Bayesian generalized linear models and generalized linear models comparing golden jackal roadkill locations to random locations. Furthermore, we tested if there were significant sex, age-related and seasonal differences among roadkilled individuals. Results We found that roadkill risk was higher in areas characterized by higher values of habitat suitability and connectivity, habitat fragmentation and along highways. It was lower with increasing distance to the source population and in the presence of guardrails. No significant differences were detected in terms of roadkill risk between sexes, age classes and season. Conclusions The identified factors affecting road mortality of golden jackals in Italy provide insights on how to mitigate wildlife-vehicle collisions. Crossing areas, and visual and acoustic warnings for wildlife, as well as the importance of managing fences along high traffic volume roads could help mitigate further damage. Finally, there is a need to further investigate the effectiveness of mitigation measures in the light of the golden jackal’s ongoing expansion in a human-modified landscape

    A simple biodiversity assessment scheme supporting nature-friendly farm management

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    Farmers are important actors for regional development and biodiversity protection. Agri-environment-climate measures (AECM) are therefore a central tool of the European Union to support its biodiversity conservation policy. AECM generally reward farmers for fulfilling predefined management actions or avoiding specific practices. In contrast, result oriented AECM are intended to reward farmers for the outcome of nature friendly management practices. This approach gives more flexibility in management and hence promotes farmers engagement and autonomy. Besides educational activities and agricultural advisory services farmers need user friendly tools to assess biodiversity in order to meet result oriented AECM. Thus, we present a biodiversity assessment scheme for farmland using a set of indicators, which covers different aspects of biodiversity (flower colour index, butterfly abundance, landscape structuring degree, patch diversity index, aggregated biodiversity index) and can be applied at different spatial scales. The assessment scheme is applied on 44 farms in five countries (France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Austria). To evaluate its appropriateness the relationship between the indicators and land-use intensity and plant species richness is investigated. Grasslands with low land-use intensity are more colourful grasslands, have significantly more butterflies and a higher aggregated biodiversity index than moderately and intensively used grasslands. The influence of management intensity on the landscape structuring degree is not significant. All indicators correlate with plant species richness at all spatial scales. The proposed assessment scheme serves as a tool for the detection of differences in biodiversity resulting from land-use practices, and can assist the monitoring of ROMs

    Hidden Engineers and Service Providers: Earthworms in Agricultural Land-Use Types of South Tyrol, Italy

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    Earthworm activities affect the provision of many ecosystem services. Land use can strongly influence earthworm communities and, hence related soil functions. We assessed earthworm biomass, abundance, and species composition on grasslands, apple orchards, and vineyards in the context of an existing sustainability assessment tool in South Tyrol, Italy. A stratified sampling campaign revealed significant differences in earthworm distribution. We found 21 to 700 individuals m−2 in grasslands and surprisingly abundant earthworm communities in apple orchards (14 to 382 individuals m−2). Results for vineyards were ambiguous with no or very low abundance in 47% of the vineyards and a maximum of 396 individuals m−2. Mesohumic endogeic species were the most abundant functional group observed (75% of the biomass in grasslands, 50% in apple orchards and vineyards). Aporrectodea caliginosa was the most abundant endogeic species, Lumbricus rubellus the dominant polyhumic endogeic species in all land-use types. We estimated a total of 34,900 t of earthworm biomass on agricultural areas in South Tyrol corresponding to a total value of EUR 872 million. Although soil quality is a complex concept that cannot be captured with a single indicator, earthworms are suitable and feasible indicators for sustainable soil use at the landscape scale

    Simplifying biodiversity : applied environmental indicators at landscape scale

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    Abstractby Johannes RĂŒdisserEnth. u.a. 3 Veröff. d. Verf. aus den Jahren 2012 - 2015Innsbruck, Univ., Diss., 2015OeBB(VLID)45667

    Application of the Ecosystem Service Concept in Social–Ecological Systems—from Theory to Practice

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    Ecological footprint analyses demonstrate that the world’s more than 7.5 billion people consume multiple planets’ worth of resources. To incite and evaluate societal changes for the sustainable use of the environment and its natural resources, the ecosystem service (ES) concept was developed more than 20 years ago. To ensure the sustainable provision of indispensable ES, the concept has been refined and enhanced, enabling its application across various temporal and spatial scales. However, evidence-based strategies and policies are needed to preserve biodiversity and natural capital in our changing world. This Special Issue comprises studies advancing the frameworks, concepts, and applications related to ES assessment, with a particular focus on social–ecological systems. To broadly apply the ES concept in different social–ecological systems, several key issues emerged: (1) ES-related definitions and procedures should be improved and standardized; (2) the complexity of the interactions in a social–ecological system must be recognized, and knowledge about spatial and temporal dynamics and interactions among multiple ESs must be deepened; and (3) communication about ES, considering cultural and stakeholder differences, must be increased

    Vermessene Vielfalt

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    Die biologische Vielfalt (BiodiversitĂ€t) auf unserem Planeten ist nicht nur beeindruckend, sondern auch von existenzieller Bedeutung fĂŒr das Leben und Wohlergehen der Menschheit. Die Erhaltung der BiodiversitĂ€t stellt eine der grĂ¶ĂŸten globalen Herausforderungen fĂŒr das 21. Jh. dar. Sowohl internationale Vertragswerke, wie die von ĂŒber 190 Staaten ratifizierte BiodiversitĂ€tskonvention, als auch nationale Gesetze und Strategien setzen sich einen umfassenden Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt zum Ziel. Die Indikatoren-Sets GefĂ€ĂŸpflanzenvielfalt und Naturdistanz sind Beispiele, wie der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Landnutzungsformen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t beschrieben und rĂ€umlich dargestellt werden kann. Diese Indikatoren wurden im Rahmen des transdisziplinĂ€ren Projektes „Werkzeuge fĂŒr Modelle einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaft“ (2008-2011) erstmals flĂ€chendeckend fĂŒr ganz Österreich berechnet und öffentlich zur VerfĂŒgung gestellt (www.landnutzung.at). In einem Folgeprojekt wurden diese Indikatoren dazu verwendet, die Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Politikmaßnahmen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t im Jahre 2040 zu bewerten. HierfĂŒr wurde ein interdisziplinĂ€rer und integrativer Modellverbund geschaffen, der rĂ€umlich detaillierte Analysen unterschiedlicher Politik- und Klimaszenarien und der daraus resultierenden Landnutzung ermöglicht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Auswirkungen regional sehr stark variieren und sich von den Ergebnissen auf nationaler Ebene betrĂ€chtlich unterscheiden können. Das unterstreicht die Bedeutung einer rĂ€umlich hochaufgelösten Betrachtung

    Vermessene Vielfalt

    No full text
    Die biologische Vielfalt (BiodiversitĂ€t) auf unserem Planeten ist nicht nur beeindruckend, sondern auch von existenzieller Bedeutung fĂŒr das Leben und Wohlergehen der Menschheit. Die Erhaltung der BiodiversitĂ€t stellt eine der grĂ¶ĂŸten globalen Herausforderungen fĂŒr das 21. Jh. dar. Sowohl internationale Vertragswerke, wie die von ĂŒber 190 Staaten ratifizierte BiodiversitĂ€tskonvention, als auch nationale Gesetze und Strategien setzen sich einen umfassenden Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt zum Ziel. Die Indikatoren-Sets GefĂ€ĂŸpflanzenvielfalt und Naturdistanz sind Beispiele, wie der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Landnutzungsformen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t beschrieben und rĂ€umlich dargestellt werden kann. Diese Indikatoren wurden im Rahmen des transdisziplinĂ€ren Projektes „Werkzeuge fĂŒr Modelle einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaft“ (2008-2011) erstmals flĂ€chendeckend fĂŒr ganz Österreich berechnet und öffentlich zur VerfĂŒgung gestellt (www.landnutzung.at). In einem Folgeprojekt wurden diese Indikatoren dazu verwendet, die Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Politikmaßnahmen auf die BiodiversitĂ€t im Jahre 2040 zu bewerten. HierfĂŒr wurde ein interdisziplinĂ€rer und integrativer Modellverbund geschaffen, der rĂ€umlich detaillierte Analysen unterschiedlicher Politik- und Klimaszenarien und der daraus resultierenden Landnutzung ermöglicht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Auswirkungen regional sehr stark variieren und sich von den Ergebnissen auf nationaler Ebene betrĂ€chtlich unterscheiden können. Das unterstreicht die Bedeutung einer rĂ€umlich hochaufgelösten Betrachtung

    Assessing Freshwater Provision and Consumption in the Alpine Space Applying the Ecosystem Service Concept

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    A key challenge in the sustainable management of freshwater is related to non-stationary processes and transboundary requirements. The assessment of freshwater is often hampered due to small-scale analyses, lacking data and with the focus on only its provision. Based on the ecosystem service (ES) concept, this study aims at quantitatively comparing potential water supply with the demand for freshwater in the European Alps and their surrounding lowlands. We propose an easy-to-use combination of different mapping approaches, including a large-scale hydrologic model to estimate water supply and the downscaling of regional data to the local scale to map demand. Our results demonstrate spatial mismatches between supply and demand and a high dependency of the densely populated lowlands from water providing mountain areas. Under expected climate variations and future demographic changes, our results suggest increasing pressures on freshwater in the south of the Alps. Hence, sustainable water management strategies need to assure the supply of freshwater under changing environmental conditions to meet the increasing water demand of urbanized areas in the lowlands. Moreover, national water management strategies need to be optimally concerted at the international level, as transboundary policies and frameworks can strengthen future water provision

    Natural and built environments and blood pressure of Alpine schoolchildren

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    Background: Early life environments may influence children's blood pressure (BP), but evidence on the combined effects of natural and built environment exposures is scarce. The present study investigates the associations of natural and built environment indicators, traffic noise, and air pollution with BP in children living in Alpine valleys. Methods: In 2004/2005, 1251 school children (8-12 years old) were sampled for a cross-sectional survey in several Austrian and Italian mountain valleys. Children's mothers completed a questionnaire. The outcomes of interest were systolic and diastolic BP measured with a calibrated oscillometric device. Indicators of land cover assigned to the residential and school coordinates within 100 and 1000 m included normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree canopy cover, and a broader naturalness indicator titled distance to nature (D2N). The presence of a home garden was also measured via self-report. Imperviousness density served as a proxy for the built environment. Residential air pollution (NO2) and noise (Lden) from traffic were calculated using bespoke modeling. NO2, Lden, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) were treated as mediating pathways. Results: Higher NDVI and tree cover levels in residential and school surroundings and home gardens were consistently associated with lower BP. The built environment was associated with higher BP. Counterintuitive inverse associations between NO2 and Lden and BP were also found. SEM showed that higher levels of greenspace and presence of a home garden were weakly associated with more outdoor play spaces, and in turn with lower BMI, and ultimately with lower BP. Conclusions: Exposure to natural environments may help maintain normal BP in children, while built environment may increase children's BP. Outdoor play and less adiposity in greener areas may mediate some of these associations. Evidence on air pollution and noise remains controversial and difficult to explain
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