Generative Dependency Language Modeling Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Käesolev magistritöö esitleb meetodit süntaktilise infot kasutamiseks generatiivses keele modelleerimises, kus sõltuvusparseri loogikat laiendatakse, et jooksvalt parseri puhvrisse uusi sõnu genereerida. Selleks kasutatakse sisendina vastaval hetkel pinu tipus olevaid sõnu. Püstitame hüpoteesi, et antud lahendus annab eeliseid kaugete sõltuvuste modelleerimisel. Me implementeerime pakutud keelemudeli ja lähtemudeli ning näeme, et välja pakutud meetod annab märkimisväärselt parema perplexity skoori tulemuse ja seda eriti lausete puhul, mis sisaldavad kaugeid sõltuvusi. Lisaks näitab keelemudelite abil loodud lausete analüüs, et välja pakutud mudel suudab lähtemudeliga võrreldes luua terviklikumaid lauseid.This thesis proposes an approach to incorporating syntactical data to the task of generative language modeling. We modify the logic of a transition-based dependency parser to generate new words to the buffer using the top items in the stack as input. We hypothesize that the approach provides benefits in modeling long-term dependencies. We implement our system along with a baseline language model and observe that our approach provides an improvement in perplexity scores and that this improvement is more significant in modeling sentences that contain longer dependencies. Additionally, the qualitative analysis of the generated sentences demonstrates that our model is able to generate more cohesive sentences

Colour term ‘black’ in Estonian place names

Must ‘black’ is considered to be the most common colour attribute in place names. The article provides a brief overview of must ‘black’ in Estonian place names. The data was obtained from kohanimekartoteek ‘place names card index’ of the Institute of the Estonian Language. In the index there are 1377 slips beginning with (or containing) must ‘black’, discounting within-parish duplicate slips 1081 place names were found. Altogether, 728 different place name variants were discovered. The most frequent occurrences of must in the nominative case were Mustjõgi ‘Black-river’ (frequency = 26), Mustjärv ‘Black-lake’ (22), Mustkivi ‘Black-stone’ (21), Mustoja ‘Black-rivulet’ (18) and Mustmägi ‘Black-hill’ (16). In the genitive case Musta talu ‘Black farm’ (22) was twice as frequent as the next most common, Mustitalu ‘Musti farm’ (11). According to the studied material the most common determinant was talu ‘farm’ (231), followed by mägi ‘hill’ (70), mets ‘forest’ (45) and heinamaa ‘hayfi eld’ (43)

Kasvatustehnoloogiliste võtete mõju viinapuu (Vitis sp.) ja aedmaasika (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) viljade kvaliteedile

Cooler regions (including Estonia) are expected to be unsuitable for grapevine cultivation due to a short vegetation period and variability of quality parameters regarding insufficient maturation due to variable climatic conditions. Interspecific hybrids (V. vinifera crossings with V. labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. lincecumii, V. amurensis) have shown variable frost resistance depending on genotype. In order to improve plant abiotic stress resistance (e.g. temperature effects), different foliar-applied biostimulants and growth regulators have been tested. At the same time, training systems and pruning methods have been investigated in order to affect the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of grapevines, to regulate the yield and subsequently also influence the composition of grape products. Concerning strawberry fruit quality, nowadays the content of biochemical compounds is with increasing importance to consumers. Strawberry fruits possess a considerable amount of essential nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals, which may have relevant biological activity in human health. However, metabolomic analyses have revealed significant changes in primary metabolites between strawberry cultivars grown under different conditions and using various cultivation techniques. In the present thesis, the effect of cultivar properties, foliar treatments with glycine-betaine, and different pruning methods and times on hybrid grapevine fruit maturity and quality parameters; as well as the influence of application of humic substances and post-harvest flame-defoliation on strawberry taste-related parameters and antioxidants were investigated and discussed. The main aim of was to find out of the effects of cultivation techniques on the biochemical composition of two different horticultural crops. On one hand, grapevine as a woody plant, and on the other hand, strawberry as an herbaceous plant were investigated. Grapevine cultivars were selected for the experiments based on the list of recommended cultivars which are already widely cultivated in Estonian climatic conditions as well. Cultivar properties significantly affected the fruit composition and quality of hybrid grapevine cultivars under investigation, but not all the cultivars achieved the sufficient maturity requirements in Estonian climatic conditions. Foliar treatments of glycine-betaine had a significant effect on the quality parameters of interspecific hybrid cultivar ’Rondo’, while earlier-fruiting ’Hasanski Sladki’ showed better results for fruit technological maturity despite the treatments. Spring cane pruning increased the content of soluble solids, total phenolics and anthocyanins, while the maturity parameters did not reach recommended level in case of spring spur pruning. Post-planting application of humic substances affected significantly the fruit biochemical composition of strawberry cultivar ’Darselect’, though differently according to fruit order (primary, secondary, tertiary). Post-harvest flame-defoliation was suitable using as an organic cultivation technique, but it had significant impact on strawberry plant growth and therefore also on fruit biochemical composition. Defoliation in combination with humic substances had a positive influence on the phenolic compounds in all fruit orders. In conclusion: quality parameters of grapevine and strawberry were significantly affected by using selected cultivation techniques.Jahedama kliimaga aladel (k.a. Eesti) kasvatakse viinapuu liikide vahelisi hübriide (V. vinifera ristatud liikidega V. labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. lincecumii, V. amurensis), mis on teadusuuringute põhjal hea külma- ja talvekindlusega. Käesoleval ajal on teadusuuringute fookuses kvaliteetsema saagi, st marjades sisalduvate tervislike ühendite suurema väärtuse saavutamine. Sellega seoses uuritakse lehekaudsete bioloogiliste preparaatide tõhusust taimedele abiootilise stressi vähendamisele, erinevaid võrakujunduse võimalusi ja selle kaudu viinamarjade biokeemiliste ühendite sisalduse mõjutamist. Marjakultuuridest on Eestis enam levinud aedmaasikas, mille viljade kvaliteeti hinnatakse peamiselt maitseparameetrite (mahla kuivaine, orgaanilised happed ja nende suhe) alusel. Samuti sisaldavad aedmaasikad märkimisväärses koguses askorbiinhapet ehk vitamiin C ja fenoolseid ühendeid (sh antotsüaane – taimseid pigmente, mis annavad viljadele punase värvuse), mis on tuntud oma tervistavate omaduste poolest. Maasikate sisemine kvaliteet sõltub mitmetest saagikoristuseelsetest ja -järgsetest teguritest. Doktoritöö eesmärgiks oli selgitada välja kasvatustehnoloogiliste võtete mõju kahe erineva aiakultuuri viljade kvaliteedile, milleks valiti üks puittaim – viinapuu (Vitis sp.), ja teine rohttaimede esindaja – aedmaasikas (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.). Täpsemalt selgitati välja sordi, lehtede loodusliku kasvuregulaatori glütsiin-betaiiniga pritsimise ja kahe erineva lõikusaja (sügis ja kevad) ja -viisi (pikk ja lühike) mõju viinamarjade tehnoloogilisele ja fenoolsele küpsusele; ning humiinhappeid sisaldava preparaadi lahusega kastmise ja saagikoristusjärgse taimelehtede leegitamise mõju maasikate maitsega seotud parameetritele ja antioksüdantsete ühendite sisaldusele. Viinapuu katsetest selgus, et sordiomadused mõjutasid eelkõige viinamarjade maitseparameetreid, kuid mitte kõik sordid ei saavutanud optimaalset küpsust, v.a sort ’Hasanski Sladki’ (20 °Brix). Viinapuu lehtede pritsimine loodusliku kasvuregulaatori glütsiini-betaiiniga vähendas küll sortide ’Hasanski Sladki’ ja ’Rondo’ happesisaldust (kuni 1,2 g 100 g–1-ni), kuid tulemused ületasid siiski soovitatava vahemiku. Sordi ’Rondo’ antotsüaanide sisaldus aga suurenes glütsiini betaiini lahusega töötlemisel. Sügisene lõikusaeg mõjutas positiivselt viinamarjade küpsemist, sealhulgas suurenes enim polüfenoolide sisaldus. Kevadine pikk lõikusviis avaldas positiivset mõju viinamarjade mahla kuivaine, üldfenoolide ja antotsüaanide sisaldusele. Kevadise lühikese lõikuse puhul jäid aga küpsusparameetrid soovitatavast vahemikust allapoole, sest taimede kasvu algus oli hilisem, mis omakorda vähendas saagi kvaliteeti. Istutusaastal maasikataimede kastmine humiinaineid sisaldava lahusega mõjutas oluliselt maasikate maitsega seotud parameetreid ja antioksüdantsete ühendite sisaldust, kuid seda sõltuvalt vilja järgust (esimene, teine, kolmas). Aedmaasikataimede lehtede saagikoristusjärgne leegitamine vähendas antotsüaanide sisaldust töötlusele järgneval aastal kõikides viljajärkudes, samas kui üldfenoolide sisaldus varieerus järguti. Leegitamisele järgnenud humiinpreparaadi lahusega kastmine mõjutas positiivselt üldfenoolide ja antotsüaanide sisaldust kogu saagis. Leegitamine mõjutas oluliselt taimede kasvu, vähendades lehtede arvu ja juurte massi, mis omakorda mõjutas maasikate biokeemiliste ühendite sisaldust. Kokkuvõtteks võib öelda, et kasvatustehnoloogiliste võtete rakendamisega bioaktiivsete ühendite sisalduse mõjutamise eesmärgil on võimalik tõsta kodumaiste puuviljade ja marjade kvaliteeti

An analysis of the effects of the financial crisis on the performance of eurosceptic parties in national elections

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4580915*es

Türgi, eesti ja vene keele värvisõnavara: Millised on põhivärvinimed?

Brent Berlin ja Paul Kay loodud põhivärvinimeteooria sai alguse ideest, et teatud värvinimed on universaalsed. Nad eeldasid, et igas keeles on olemas piiratud arv sõnu värvi tähistamiseks. Neid universaalseid värvinimesid nimetasid nad põhivärvinimedeks. Kas keeles võib olla vaid üks sinine? Eelnevad uurimused kinnitavad, et sinine võib jaguneda kaheks: vene keeles on omaette kategooriad kahele sinise kategooriale, SINIJ ‘sinine’ ja GOLUBOJ ‘helesinine’. Järelikult on ka teisi võimalusi peale üheainsa sinise kategooria. Sinise jagunemine toetab keelelise relatiivsuse teooriat. Kas ka eesti sinine jaguneb (ala)kategooriateks? Kas türgi keeles on samuti kaks sinise kategooriat, nagu eelnevad uurimused (vt Özgen ja Davies 1998) kinnitavad? Vastuse saamiseks küsitleti türgi (N=56), eesti (N=39), ja eestivene (N=30) keelejuhte. Neilt küsiti loetelukatses kõikide värvide kohta, mida nad teavad. Nimeandmiskatses esitati neile ükshaaval värvipaberiga kaetud tahvlikesi küsides: „Mis värvi see stimul on?“. Eesti ja eestivene keelejuhid osalesid loetelu-ja nimeandmiskatse vahe peal ka sorteerimiskatses, kus nad sorteerisid sarnasuse alusel tahvlikesi gruppidesse ja pärast sorteerimist andsid neile gruppidele nimed.The theory of basic colour terms by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay (1969) started with an idea that certain colour categories are universal. They proposed that in every language there is a small, limited amount of words for designating colour. They called these universal colour names basic colour terms. From the theory of basic colour terms and previous research into Turkish, Estonian and Russian basic colour terms arise the questions of whether the behaviour of one blue is universal, and how the category of blue might be divided. There being only one blue category reinforces the universalist view of colour terms, while the appearance of more than one blue category, especially in the sorting task, supports a weak relativist approach. Russian is exceptional because both SINIJ ‘blue’ and GOLUBOJ ‘light blue’ mark blue equally. Are Turkish terms MAVI ‘blue’ and LACIVERT ‘dark blue’ similar? Is Estonian SININE ‘blue’ influenced by Russian and therefore also divided into more than one blue category? Turkish (N=56), Estonian (N=39) and Estonian Russian (N=30) participants were questioned to find an answer to those questions. The participants were asked about all the colours they knew in the list task. In the naming task the participants named coloured stimuli one by one answering the question: “What colour is it?”. Estonian and Estonian Russian participants also completed a sorting task between the list and naming tasks. They sorted coloured stimuli into groups by similarity and after sorting named the groups

Anestesioloogia

Eesti Arst 2011; 90(7):33

Lemierre’i sündroom

Noor naispatsient haigestus kaelavalu, palaviku ja köhaga. Kahe nädala jooksul kaebused ei taandunud ning perearsti vastuvõtul tehtud vereanalüüsides ilmnes märkimisväärne C-reaktiivse valgu sisalduse suurenemine. Rindkere röntgeniülesvõttelilmestus kahepoolne kopsupõletik. Perearst suunas patsiendi erakorralise meditsiini osakonda, kus otsustati haige hospitaliseerida. Kuna selleks hetkeks oli abstsedeeruvast kopsupõletikust tekkinud septiline šokk, suunati patsient ravile intensiivravi osakonda. Kompuutertomograafilisel uuringul ilmnes vasaku neelu abstsess ning ultraheliuuringul vasaku sisemise jugulaarveeni tromboos. Kujunenud kliiniline pilt vastas Lemierre’i sündroomile

Suitability of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars of different origin for cultivation in the Nordic-Baltic climate

The rising trend of blue honeysuckle has led to the increase in new plantations and berry production in recent years in Nordic-Baltic region, including Estonia. This crop is naturally distributed in the temperate climate zone of Northern Hemisphere. Estonia is also located in the same climate zone, but differs only from warm maritime air. The main aim of this research was to find out cultivars’ adaptation to the changing weather conditions regarding winter hardiness, fruit weight, yield and occurrence of secondary flowering. The data was recorded from two closely situated plantations in Polli village, Viljandi County, Estonia. Eighteen cultivars of blue honeysuckle with different origin (Russia, Canada, Poland and Czech Republic) were tested. In 2016, greater winter damage was recorded when compared to the period of 2017–2020 with just marginal damage. In conclusion, the Canadian cultivars (‘Borealis’, ‘Indigo Gem’, ‘Indigo Treat’ and ‘Tundra’) and Polish ‘Duet’, presented their best properties and suitability to Estonian climatic conditions