364 research outputs found
Generative Dependency Language Modeling Using Recurrent Neural Networks
KĂ€esolev magistritöö esitleb meetodit sĂŒntaktilise infot kasutamiseks generatiivses keele modelleerimises, kus sĂ”ltuvusparseri loogikat laiendatakse, et jooksvalt parseri puhvrisse uusi sĂ”nu genereerida. Selleks kasutatakse sisendina vastaval hetkel pinu tipus olevaid sĂ”nu. PĂŒstitame hĂŒpoteesi, et antud lahendus annab eeliseid kaugete sĂ”ltuvuste modelleerimisel. Me implementeerime pakutud keelemudeli ja lĂ€htemudeli ning nĂ€eme, et vĂ€lja pakutud meetod annab mĂ€rkimisvÀÀrselt parema perplexity skoori tulemuse ja seda eriti lausete puhul, mis sisaldavad kaugeid sĂ”ltuvusi. Lisaks nĂ€itab keelemudelite abil loodud lausete analĂŒĂŒs, et vĂ€lja pakutud mudel suudab lĂ€htemudeliga vĂ”rreldes luua terviklikumaid lauseid.This thesis proposes an approach to incorporating syntactical data to the task of generative language modeling. We modify the logic of a transition-based dependency parser to generate new words to the buffer using the top items in the stack as input. We hypothesize that the approach provides benefits in modeling long-term dependencies. We implement our system along with a baseline language model and observe that our approach provides an improvement in perplexity scores and that this improvement is more significant in modeling sentences that contain longer dependencies. Additionally, the qualitative analysis of the generated sentences demonstrates that our model is able to generate more cohesive sentences
Colour term âblackâ in Estonian place names
Must âblackâ is considered to be the most common colour attribute in place names. The article provides a brief overview of must âblackâ in Estonian place names. The data was obtained from kohanimekartoteek âplace names card indexâ of the Institute of the Estonian Language. In the index there are 1377 slips beginning with (or containing) must âblackâ, discounting within-parish duplicate slips 1081 place names were found. Altogether, 728 different place name variants were discovered. The most frequent occurrences of must in the nominative case were MustjĂ”gi âBlack-riverâ (frequency = 26), MustjĂ€rv âBlack-lakeâ (22), Mustkivi âBlack-stoneâ (21), Mustoja âBlack-rivuletâ (18) and MustmĂ€gi âBlack-hillâ (16). In the genitive case Musta talu âBlack farmâ (22) was twice as frequent as the next most common, Mustitalu âMusti farmâ (11). According to the studied material the most common determinant was talu âfarmâ (231), followed by mĂ€gi âhillâ (70), mets âforestâ (45) and heinamaa âhayfi eldâ (43)
Kasvatustehnoloogiliste vÔtete mÔju viinapuu (Vitis sp.) ja aedmaasika (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) viljade kvaliteedile
Cooler regions (including Estonia) are expected to be unsuitable for grapevine cultivation due to a short vegetation period and variability of quality parameters regarding insufficient maturation due to variable climatic conditions. Interspecific hybrids (V. vinifera crossings with V. labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. lincecumii, V. amurensis) have shown variable frost resistance depending on genotype. In order to improve plant abiotic stress resistance (e.g. temperature effects), different foliar-applied biostimulants and growth regulators have been tested. At the same time, training systems and pruning methods have been investigated in order to affect the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of grapevines, to regulate the yield and subsequently also influence the composition of grape products.
Concerning strawberry fruit quality, nowadays the content of biochemical compounds is with increasing importance to consumers. Strawberry fruits possess a considerable amount of essential nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals, which may have relevant biological activity in human health. However, metabolomic analyses have revealed significant changes in primary metabolites between strawberry cultivars grown under different conditions and using various cultivation techniques.
In the present thesis, the effect of cultivar properties, foliar treatments with glycine-betaine, and different pruning methods and times on hybrid grapevine fruit maturity and quality parameters; as well as the influence of application of humic substances and post-harvest flame-defoliation on strawberry taste-related parameters and antioxidants were investigated and discussed. The main aim of was to find out of the effects of cultivation techniques on the biochemical composition of two different horticultural crops. On one hand, grapevine as a woody plant, and on the other hand, strawberry as an herbaceous plant were investigated.
Grapevine cultivars were selected for the experiments based on the list of recommended cultivars which are already widely cultivated in Estonian climatic conditions as well. Cultivar properties significantly affected the fruit composition and quality of hybrid grapevine cultivars under investigation, but not all the cultivars achieved the sufficient maturity requirements in Estonian climatic conditions. Foliar treatments of glycine-betaine had a significant effect on the quality parameters of interspecific hybrid cultivar âRondoâ, while earlier-fruiting âHasanski Sladkiâ showed better results for fruit technological maturity despite the treatments. Spring cane pruning increased the content of soluble solids, total phenolics and anthocyanins, while the maturity parameters did not reach recommended level in case of spring spur pruning.
Post-planting application of humic substances affected significantly the fruit biochemical composition of strawberry cultivar âDarselectâ, though differently according to fruit order (primary, secondary, tertiary). Post-harvest flame-defoliation was suitable using as an organic cultivation technique, but it had significant impact on strawberry plant growth and therefore also on fruit biochemical composition. Defoliation in combination with humic substances had a positive influence on the phenolic compounds in all fruit orders.
In conclusion: quality parameters of grapevine and strawberry were significantly affected by using selected cultivation techniques.Jahedama kliimaga aladel (k.a. Eesti) kasvatakse viinapuu liikide vahelisi hĂŒbriide (V. vinifera ristatud liikidega V. labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. lincecumii, V. amurensis), mis on teadusuuringute pĂ”hjal hea kĂŒlma- ja talvekindlusega. KĂ€esoleval ajal on teadusuuringute fookuses kvaliteetsema saagi, st marjades sisalduvate tervislike ĂŒhendite suurema vÀÀrtuse saavutamine. Sellega seoses uuritakse lehekaudsete bioloogiliste preparaatide tĂ”husust taimedele abiootilise stressi vĂ€hendamisele, erinevaid vĂ”rakujunduse vĂ”imalusi ja selle kaudu viinamarjade biokeemiliste ĂŒhendite sisalduse mĂ”jutamist.
Marjakultuuridest on Eestis enam levinud aedmaasikas, mille viljade kvaliteeti hinnatakse peamiselt maitseparameetrite (mahla kuivaine, orgaanilised happed ja nende suhe) alusel. Samuti sisaldavad aedmaasikad mĂ€rkimisvÀÀrses koguses askorbiinhapet ehk vitamiin C ja fenoolseid ĂŒhendeid (sh antotsĂŒaane â taimseid pigmente, mis annavad viljadele punase vĂ€rvuse), mis on tuntud oma tervistavate omaduste poolest. Maasikate sisemine kvaliteet sĂ”ltub mitmetest saagikoristuseelsetest ja -jĂ€rgsetest teguritest.
Doktoritöö eesmĂ€rgiks oli selgitada vĂ€lja kasvatustehnoloogiliste vĂ”tete mĂ”ju kahe erineva aiakultuuri viljade kvaliteedile, milleks valiti ĂŒks puittaim â viinapuu (Vitis sp.), ja teine rohttaimede esindaja â aedmaasikas (Fragaria Ăananassa Duch.). TĂ€psemalt selgitati vĂ€lja sordi, lehtede loodusliku kasvuregulaatori glĂŒtsiin-betaiiniga pritsimise ja kahe erineva lĂ”ikusaja (sĂŒgis ja kevad) ja -viisi (pikk ja lĂŒhike) mĂ”ju viinamarjade tehnoloogilisele ja fenoolsele kĂŒpsusele; ning humiinhappeid sisaldava preparaadi lahusega kastmise ja saagikoristusjĂ€rgse taimelehtede leegitamise mĂ”ju maasikate maitsega seotud parameetritele ja antioksĂŒdantsete ĂŒhendite sisaldusele.
Viinapuu katsetest selgus, et sordiomadused mĂ”jutasid eelkĂ”ige viinamarjade maitseparameetreid, kuid mitte kĂ”ik sordid ei saavutanud optimaalset kĂŒpsust, v.a sort âHasanski Sladkiâ (20 °Brix). Viinapuu lehtede pritsimine loodusliku kasvuregulaatori glĂŒtsiini-betaiiniga vĂ€hendas kĂŒll sortide âHasanski Sladkiâ ja âRondoâ happesisaldust (kuni 1,2 g 100 gâ1-ni), kuid tulemused ĂŒletasid siiski soovitatava vahemiku. Sordi âRondoâ antotsĂŒaanide sisaldus aga suurenes glĂŒtsiini betaiini lahusega töötlemisel. SĂŒgisene lĂ”ikusaeg mĂ”jutas positiivselt viinamarjade kĂŒpsemist, sealhulgas suurenes enim polĂŒfenoolide sisaldus. Kevadine pikk lĂ”ikusviis avaldas positiivset mĂ”ju viinamarjade mahla kuivaine, ĂŒldfenoolide ja antotsĂŒaanide sisaldusele. Kevadise lĂŒhikese lĂ”ikuse puhul jĂ€id aga kĂŒpsusparameetrid soovitatavast vahemikust allapoole, sest taimede kasvu algus oli hilisem, mis omakorda vĂ€hendas saagi kvaliteeti.
Istutusaastal maasikataimede kastmine humiinaineid sisaldava lahusega mĂ”jutas oluliselt maasikate maitsega seotud parameetreid ja antioksĂŒdantsete ĂŒhendite sisaldust, kuid seda sĂ”ltuvalt vilja jĂ€rgust (esimene, teine, kolmas). Aedmaasikataimede lehtede saagikoristusjĂ€rgne leegitamine vĂ€hendas antotsĂŒaanide sisaldust töötlusele jĂ€rgneval aastal kĂ”ikides viljajĂ€rkudes, samas kui ĂŒldfenoolide sisaldus varieerus jĂ€rguti. Leegitamisele jĂ€rgnenud humiinpreparaadi lahusega kastmine mĂ”jutas positiivselt ĂŒldfenoolide ja antotsĂŒaanide sisaldust kogu saagis. Leegitamine mĂ”jutas oluliselt taimede kasvu, vĂ€hendades lehtede arvu ja juurte massi, mis omakorda mĂ”jutas maasikate biokeemiliste ĂŒhendite sisaldust.
KokkuvĂ”tteks vĂ”ib öelda, et kasvatustehnoloogiliste vĂ”tete rakendamisega bioaktiivsete ĂŒhendite sisalduse mĂ”jutamise eesmĂ€rgil on vĂ”imalik tĂ”sta kodumaiste puuviljade ja marjade kvaliteeti
An analysis of the effects of the financial crisis on the performance of eurosceptic parties in national elections
http://www.ester.ee/record=b4580915*es
TĂŒrgi, eesti ja vene keele vĂ€rvisĂ”navara: Millised on pĂ”hivĂ€rvinimed?
Brent Berlin ja Paul Kay loodud pĂ”hivĂ€rvinimeteooria sai alguse ideest, et teatud vĂ€rvinimed on universaalsed. Nad eeldasid, et igas keeles on olemas piiratud arv sĂ”nu vĂ€rvi tĂ€histamiseks. Neid universaalseid vĂ€rvinimesid nimetasid nad pĂ”hivĂ€rvinimedeks. Kas keeles vĂ”ib olla vaid ĂŒks sinine? Eelnevad uurimused kinnitavad, et sinine vĂ”ib jaguneda kaheks: vene keeles on omaette kategooriad kahele sinise kategooriale, SINIJ âsinineâ ja GOLUBOJ âhelesinineâ. JĂ€relikult on ka teisi vĂ”imalusi peale ĂŒheainsa sinise kategooria. Sinise jagunemine toetab keelelise relatiivsuse teooriat.
Kas ka eesti sinine jaguneb (ala)kategooriateks? Kas tĂŒrgi keeles on samuti kaks sinise kategooriat, nagu eelnevad uurimused (vt Ăzgen ja Davies 1998) kinnitavad?
Vastuse saamiseks kĂŒsitleti tĂŒrgi (N=56), eesti (N=39), ja eestivene (N=30) keelejuhte. Neilt kĂŒsiti loetelukatses kĂ”ikide vĂ€rvide kohta, mida nad teavad. Nimeandmiskatses esitati neile ĂŒkshaaval vĂ€rvipaberiga kaetud tahvlikesi kĂŒsides: âMis vĂ€rvi see stimul on?â. Eesti ja eestivene keelejuhid osalesid loetelu-ja nimeandmiskatse vahe peal ka sorteerimiskatses, kus nad sorteerisid sarnasuse alusel tahvlikesi gruppidesse ja pĂ€rast sorteerimist andsid neile gruppidele nimed.The theory of basic colour terms by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay (1969) started with an idea that certain colour categories are universal. They proposed that in every language there is a small, limited amount of words for designating colour. They called these universal colour names basic colour terms. From the theory of basic colour terms and previous research into Turkish, Estonian and Russian basic colour terms arise the questions of whether the behaviour of one blue is universal, and how the category of blue might be divided. There being only one blue category reinforces the universalist view of colour terms, while the appearance of more than one blue category, especially in the sorting task, supports a weak relativist approach.
Russian is exceptional because both SINIJ âblueâ and GOLUBOJ âlight blueâ mark blue equally. Are Turkish terms MAVI âblueâ and LACIVERT âdark blueâ similar? Is Estonian SININE âblueâ influenced by Russian and therefore also divided into more than one blue category?
Turkish (N=56), Estonian (N=39) and Estonian Russian (N=30) participants were questioned to find an answer to those questions. The participants were asked about all the colours they knew in the list task. In the naming task the participants named coloured stimuli one by one answering the question: âWhat colour is it?â. Estonian and Estonian Russian participants also completed a sorting task between the list and naming tasks. They sorted coloured stimuli into groups by similarity and after sorting named the groups
Lemierreâi sĂŒndroom
Noor naispatsient haigestus kaelavalu, palaviku ja köhaga. Kahe nĂ€dala jooksul kaebused ei taandunud ning perearsti vastuvĂ”tul tehtud vereanalĂŒĂŒsides ilmnes mĂ€rkimisvÀÀrne C-reaktiivse valgu sisalduse suurenemine. Rindkere röntgeniĂŒlesvĂ”ttelilmestus kahepoolne kopsupĂ”letik. Perearst suunas patsiendi erakorralise meditsiini osakonda, kus otsustati haige hospitaliseerida. Kuna selleks hetkeks oli abstsedeeruvast kopsupĂ”letikust tekkinud septiline ĆĄokk, suunati patsient ravile intensiivravi osakonda. Kompuutertomograafilisel uuringul ilmnes vasaku neelu abstsess ning ultraheliuuringul vasaku sisemise jugulaarveeni tromboos. Kujunenud kliiniline pilt vastas Lemierreâi sĂŒndroomile
Suitability of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars of different origin for cultivation in the Nordic-Baltic climate
The rising trend of blue honeysuckle has led to the increase in new plantations and berry production in recent years in Nordic-Baltic region, including Estonia. This crop is naturally distributed in the temperate climate zone of Northern Hemisphere. Estonia is also located in the same climate zone, but differs only from warm maritime air. The main aim of this research was to find out cultivarsâ adaptation to the changing weather conditions regarding winter hardiness, fruit weight, yield and occurrence of secondary flowering. The data was recorded from two closely situated plantations in Polli village, Viljandi County, Estonia. Eighteen cultivars of blue honeysuckle with different origin (Russia, Canada, Poland and Czech Republic) were tested. In 2016, greater winter damage was recorded when compared to the period of 2017â2020 with just marginal damage. In conclusion, the Canadian cultivars (âBorealisâ, âIndigo Gemâ, âIndigo Treatâ and âTundraâ) and Polish âDuetâ, presented their best properties and suitability to Estonian climatic conditions
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