143 research outputs found
The Milky Way Tomography With SDSS. III. Stellar Kinematics
We study Milky Way kinematics using a sample of 18.8 million main-sequence stars with r 20 degrees). We find that in the region defined by 1 kpc < Z < 5 kpc and 3 kpc < R < 13 kpc, the rotational velocity for disk stars smoothly decreases, and all three components of the velocity dispersion increase, with distance from the Galactic plane. In contrast, the velocity ellipsoid for halo stars is aligned with a spherical coordinate system and appears to be spatially invariant within the probed volume. The velocity distribution of nearby (Z < 1 kpc) K/M stars is complex, and cannot be described by a standard Schwarzschild ellipsoid. For stars in a distance-limited subsample of stars (< 100 pc), we detect a multi-modal velocity distribution consistent with that seen by HIPPARCOS. This strong non-Gaussianity significantly affects the measurements of the velocity-ellipsoid tilt and vertex deviation when using the Schwarzschild approximation. We develop and test a simple descriptive model for the overall kinematic behavior that captures these features over most of the probed volume, and can be used to search for substructure in kinematic and metallicity space. We use this model to predict further improvements in kinematic mapping of the Galaxy expected from Gaia and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.NSF AST-615991, AST-0707901, AST-0551161, AST-02-38683, AST-06-07634, AST-0807444, PHY05-51164NASA NAG5-13057, NAG5-13147, NNXO-8AH83GPhysics Frontier Center/Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (JINA) PHY 08-22648U.S. National Science FoundationMarie Curie Research Training Network ELSA (European Leadership in Space Astrometry) MRTN-CT-2006-033481Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, United States Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359Alfred P. Sloan FoundationParticipating InstitutionsJapanese MonbukagakushoMax Planck SocietyHigher Education Funding Council for EnglandMcDonald Observator
The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS: III. Stellar Kinematics
We study Milky Way kinematics using a sample of 18.8 million main-sequence
stars with r<20 and proper-motion measurements derived from SDSS and POSS
astrometry, including ~170,000 stars with radial-velocity measurements from the
SDSS spectroscopic survey. Distances to stars are determined using a
photometric parallax relation, covering a distance range from ~100 pc to 10 kpc
over a quarter of the sky at high Galactic latitudes (|b|>20 degrees). We find
that in the region defined by 1 kpc <Z< 5 kpc and 3 kpc <R< 13 kpc, the
rotational velocity for disk stars smoothly decreases, and all three components
of the velocity dispersion increase, with distance from the Galactic plane. In
contrast, the velocity ellipsoid for halo stars is aligned with a spherical
coordinate system and appears to be spatially invariant within the probed
volume. The velocity distribution of nearby ( kpc) K/M stars is complex,
and cannot be described by a standard Schwarzschild ellipsoid. For stars in a
distance-limited subsample of stars (<100 pc), we detect a multimodal velocity
distribution consistent with that seen by HIPPARCOS. This strong
non-Gaussianity significantly affects the measurements of the velocity
ellipsoid tilt and vertex deviation when using the Schwarzschild approximation.
We develop and test a simple descriptive model for the overall kinematic
behavior that captures these features over most of the probed volume, and can
be used to search for substructure in kinematic and metallicity space. We use
this model to predict further improvements in kinematic mapping of the Galaxy
expected from Gaia and LSST.Comment: 90 pages, 26 figures, submitted to Ap
Validation of TOI-1221 b: A warm sub-Neptune exhibiting TTVs around a Sun-like star
We present a validation of the long-period (
days) transiting sub-Neptune planet TOI-1221 b (TIC 349095149.01) around a
Sun-like (m=10.5) star. This is one of the few known exoplanets with
period >50 days, and belongs to the even smaller subset of which have bright
enough hosts for detailed spectroscopic follow-up. We combine TESS light curves
and ground-based time-series photometry from PEST (0.3~m) and LCOGT (1.0~m) to
analyze the transit signals and rule out nearby stars as potential false
positive sources. High-contrast imaging from SOAR and Gemini/Zorro rule out
nearby stellar contaminants. Reconnaissance spectroscopy from CHIRON sets a
planetary scale upper mass limit on the transiting object (1.1 and 3.5 M at 1 and 3, respectively) and shows no sign of a
spectroscopic binary companion. We determine a planetary radius of , placing it in the sub-Neptune regime. With a
stellar insolation of , we calculate a
moderate equilibrium temperature of 440 K, assuming no albedo
and perfect heat redistribution. We find a false positive probability from
TRICERATOPS of FPP as well as other qualitative and
quantitative evidence to support the statistical validation of TOI-1221 b. We
find significant evidence (>) of oscillatory transit timing
variations, likely indicative of an additional non-transiting planet.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 4 table
Separated twins or just siblings? A multi-planet system around an M dwarf including a cool sub-Neptune
We report the discovery of two TESS sub-Neptunes orbiting the early M dwarf
TOI-904 (TIC 261257684). Both exoplanets, TOI-904 b and c, were initially
observed in TESS sector 12 with twin sizes of 2.49R and
2.31R, respectively. Through observations in five additional sectors
in the TESS primary mission and the first and second extended missions, the
orbital periods of both planets were measured to be 10.8870.001 and
83.9990.001 days, respectively. Reconnaissance radial velocity
measurements (taken with EULER/CORALIE) and high resolution speckle imaging
with adaptive optics (obtained from SOAR/HRCAM and Gemini South/ZORRO) show no
evidence of an eclipsing binary or a nearby companion, which together with the
low false positive probabilities calculated with the statistical validation
software TRICERATOPS establish the planetary nature of these candidates. The
outer planet, TOI-904 c, is the longest-period M dwarf exoplanet found by TESS,
with an estimated equilibrium temperature of 217K. As the three other validated
planets with comparable host stars and orbital periods were observed by Kepler
around much dimmer stars (J 12), TOI-904 c, orbiting a brighter
star (J 9.6), is the coldest M dwarf planet easily accessible for
atmospheric follow-up. Future mass measurements and transmission spectroscopy
of the similar sized planets in this system could determine whether they are
also similar in density and composition, suggesting a common formation pathway,
or whether they have distinct origins.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, Accepted by the Astrophysical Journal Letter
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IX: a 27 Myr extended population of Lower-Centaurus Crux with a transiting two-planet system
We report the discovery and characterization of a nearby (~ 85 pc), older (27
+/- 3 Myr), distributed stellar population near Lower-Centaurus-Crux (LCC),
initially identified by searching for stars co-moving with a candidate
transiting planet from TESS (HD 109833; TOI 1097). We determine the association
membership using Gaia kinematics, color-magnitude information, and rotation
periods of candidate members. We measure it's age using isochrones,
gyrochronology, and Li depletion. While the association is near known
populations of LCC, we find that it is older than any previously found LCC
sub-group (10-16 Myr), and distinct in both position and velocity. In addition
to the candidate planets around HD 109833 the association contains four
directly-imaged planetary-mass companions around 3 stars, YSES-1, YSES-2, and
HD 95086, all of which were previously assigned membership in the younger LCC.
Using the Notch pipeline, we identify a second candidate transiting planet
around HD 109833. We use a suite of ground-based follow-up observations to
validate the two transit signals as planetary in nature. HD 109833 b and c join
the small but growing population of <100 Myr transiting planets from TESS. HD
109833 has a rotation period and Li abundance indicative of a young age (< 100
Myr), but a position and velocity on the outskirts of the new population, lower
Li levels than similar members, and a CMD position below model predictions for
27 Myr. So, we cannot reject the possibility that HD 109833 is a young field
star coincidentally nearby the population.Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, Accepted for publication in A
The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS: II. Stellar Metallicity
Using effective temperature and metallicity derived from SDSS spectra for
~60,000 F and G type main sequence stars (0.2<g-r<0.6), we develop polynomial
models for estimating these parameters from the SDSS u-g and g-r colors. We
apply this method to SDSS photometric data for about 2 million F/G stars and
measure the unbiased metallicity distribution for a complete volume-limited
sample of stars at distances between 500 pc and 8 kpc. The metallicity
distribution can be exquisitely modeled using two components with a spatially
varying number ratio, that correspond to disk and halo. The two components also
possess the kinematics expected for disk and halo stars. The metallicity of the
halo component is spatially invariant, while the median disk metallicity
smoothly decreases with distance from the Galactic plane from -0.6 at 500 pc to
-0.8 beyond several kpc. The absence of a correlation between metallicity and
kinematics for disk stars is in a conflict with the traditional decomposition
in terms of thin and thick disks. We detect coherent substructures in the
kinematics--metallicity space, such as the Monoceros stream, which rotates
faster than the LSR, and has a median metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.96, with an rms
scatter of only ~0.15 dex. We extrapolate our results to the performance
expected from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and estimate that the
LSST will obtain metallicity measurements accurate to 0.2 dex or better, with
proper motion measurements accurate to ~0.2 mas/yr, for about 200 million F/G
dwarf stars within a distance limit of ~100 kpc (g<23.5). [abridged]Comment: 40 pages, 21 figures, emulateApJ style, accepted to ApJ, high
resolution figures are available from
http://www.astro.washington.edu/ivezic/sdss/mw/astroph0804.385
The Second Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has validated and made publicly available its Second Data Release. This data release consists of 3324 deg2 of five-band (ugriz) imaging data with photometry for over 88 million unique objects, 367,360 spectra of galaxies, quasars, stars, and calibrating blank sky patches selected over 2627 deg2 of this area, and tables of measured parameters from these data. The imaging data reach a depth of r ≈ 22.2 (95% completeness limit for point sources) and are photometrically and astrometrically calibrated to 2% rms and 100 mas rms per coordinate, respectively. The imaging data have all been processed through a new version of the SDSS imaging pipeline, in which the most important improvement since the last data release is fixing an error in the model fits to each object. The result is that model magnitudes are now a good proxy for point-spread function magnitudes for point sources, and Petrosian magnitudes for extended sources. The spectroscopy extends from 3800 to 9200 Å at a resolution of 2000. The spectroscopic software now repairs a systematic error in the radial velocities of certain types of stars and has substantially improved spectrophotometry. All data included in the SDSS Early Data Release and First Data Release are reprocessed with the improved pipelines and included in the Second Data Release. Further characteristics of the data are described, as are the data products themselves and the tools for accessing them
Another Shipment of Six Short-Period Giant Planets from TESS
We present the discovery and characterization of six short-period, transiting
giant planets from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) --
TOI-1811 (TIC 376524552), TOI-2025 (TIC 394050135), TOI-2145 (TIC 88992642),
TOI-2152 (TIC 395393265), TOI-2154 (TIC 428787891), & TOI-2497 (TIC 97568467).
All six planets orbit bright host stars (8.9 <G< 11.8, 7.7 <K< 10.1). Using a
combination of time-series photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations
from the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP) Working Group, we have
determined that the planets are Jovian-sized (R = 1.00-1.45 R),
have masses ranging from 0.92 to 5.35 M, and orbit F, G, and K stars
(4753 T 7360 K). We detect a significant orbital eccentricity
for the three longest-period systems in our sample: TOI-2025 b (P = 8.872 days,
= ), TOI-2145 b (P = 10.261 days, =
), and TOI-2497 b (P = 10.656 days, =
). TOI-2145 b and TOI-2497 b both orbit subgiant host
stars (3.8 g 4.0), but these planets show no sign of inflation
despite very high levels of irradiation. The lack of inflation may be explained
by the high mass of the planets; M (TOI-2145
b) and M (TOI-2497 b). These six new discoveries
contribute to the larger community effort to use {\it TESS} to create a
magnitude-complete, self-consistent sample of giant planets with
well-determined parameters for future detailed studies.Comment: 20 Pages, 6 Figures, 8 Tables, Accepted by MNRA
The Third Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
This paper describes the Third Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS). This release, containing data taken up through June 2003, includes
imaging data in five bands over 5282 deg^2, photometric and astrometric
catalogs of the 141 million objects detected in these imaging data, and spectra
of 528,640 objects selected over 4188 deg^2. The pipelines analyzing both
images and spectroscopy are unchanged from those used in our Second Data
Release.Comment: 14 pages, including 2 postscript figures. Submitted to AJ. Data
available at http://www.sdss.org/dr
Identification of the top TESS objects of interest for atmospheric characterization of transiting exoplanets with JWST
Funding: Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial support by JSPS KAKENHI (grant No. JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (grant No. JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory. This paper makes use of data from the MEarth Project, which is a collaboration between Harvard University and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The MEarth Project acknowledges funding from the David and Lucile Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering, the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-0807690, AST-1109468, AST-1616624 and AST-1004488 (Alan T. Waterman Award), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 80NSSC18K0476 issued through the XRP Program, and the John Templeton Foundation. C.M. would like to gratefully acknowledge the entire Dragonfly Telephoto Array team, and Bob Abraham in particular, for allowing their telescope bright time to be put to use observing exoplanets. B.J.H. acknowledges support from the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) program (grant No. 80NSSC20K1551) and support by NASA under grant No. 80GSFC21M0002. K.A.C. and C.N.W. acknowledge support from the TESS mission via subaward s3449 from MIT. D.R.C. and C.A.C. acknowledge support from NASA through the XRP grant No. 18-2XRP18_2-0007. C.A.C. acknowledges that this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). S.Z. and A.B. acknowledge support from the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology (grant No. 3-18143). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPIST is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique, FNRS) under the grant No. PDR T.0120.21. The postdoctoral fellowship of K.B. is funded by F.R.S.-FNRS grant No. T.0109.20 and by the Francqui Foundation. H.P.O.'s contribution has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant Nos. 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. F.J.P. acknowledges financial support from the grant No. CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. A.J. acknowledges support from ANID—Millennium Science Initiative—ICN12_009 and from FONDECYT project 1210718. Z.L.D. acknowledges the MIT Presidential Fellowship and that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. 1745302. P.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation grant No. 1952545. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos. JP17H04574, JP18H05439, JP21K20376; JST CREST grant No. JPMJCR1761; and Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006. This publication benefits from the support of the French Community of Belgium in the context of the FRIA Doctoral Grant awarded to M.T. D.D. acknowledges support from TESS Guest Investigator Program grant Nos. 80NSSC22K1353, 80NSSC22K0185, and 80NSSC23K0769. A.B. acknowledges the support of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development. T.D. was supported in part by the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences. V.K. acknowledges support from the youth scientific laboratory project, topic FEUZ-2020-0038.JWST has ushered in an era of unprecedented ability to characterize exoplanetary atmospheres. While there are over 5000 confirmed planets, more than 4000 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) planet candidates are still unconfirmed and many of the best planets for atmospheric characterization may remain to be identified. We present a sample of TESS planets and planet candidates that we identify as “best-in-class” for transmission and emission spectroscopy with JWST. These targets are sorted into bins across equilibrium temperature Teq and planetary radius Rp and are ranked by a transmission and an emission spectroscopy metric (TSM and ESM, respectively) within each bin. We perform cuts for expected signal size and stellar brightness to remove suboptimal targets for JWST. Of the 194 targets in the resulting sample, 103 are unconfirmed TESS planet candidates, also known as TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs). We perform vetting and statistical validation analyses on these 103 targets to determine which are likely planets and which are likely false positives, incorporating ground-based follow-up from the TESS Follow-up Observation Program to aid the vetting and validation process. We statistically validate 18 TOIs, marginally validate 31 TOIs to varying levels of confidence, deem 29 TOIs likely false positives, and leave the dispositions for four TOIs as inconclusive. Twenty-one of the 103 TOIs were confirmed independently over the course of our analysis. We intend for this work to serve as a community resource and motivate formal confirmation and mass measurements of each validated planet. We encourage more detailed analysis of individual targets by the community.Peer reviewe
- …