Methodological problems of the etymology of Gaulish origin in French

It is a well-known fact that the etymology of the French lexicon is mostly Latin. But this apparently obvious consideration hides a signifi cant amount of unsure, if not biased, etymologies. This paper aims fi rst at criticizing the laxity of the etymological method : use of reconstructed vulgar Latin and old Frankish etymons upon unclear principles, huge distortions of meaning, phonetic irregularities, ignorance of the historical context, etc. In a second time, this paper aims at showing that the neglected Gaulish substratum can sometimes afford better explanations to some of these doubtful and impressionistic etymologies, and proposes new etymologies based upon attested Gaulish etymons.It is a well-known fact that the etymology of the French lexicon is mostly Latin. But this apparently obvious consideration hides a signifi cant amount of unsure, if not biased, etymologies. This paper aims fi rst at criticizing the laxity of the etymological method : use of reconstructed vulgar Latin and old Frankish etymons upon unclear principles, huge distortions of meaning, phonetic irregularities, ignorance of the historical context, etc. In a second time, this paper aims at showing that the neglected Gaulish substratum can sometimes afford better explanations to some of these doubtful and impressionistic etymologies, and proposes new etymologies based upon attested Gaulish etymons

The translation of a crucial political speech: G.W. Bush' State of the Union address 2003 in Le Mode

This paper aims to emphasize the translation process of foreign political speeches in newspapers and its relation with the constraints of the target-culture trends. It focuses especially on excerpts from George W. Bush’s ‘State of the Union 2003’ (01-28) related to Iraq and WMD. This speech was partly translated in the French newspaper “Le Monde” and widely commented during the following month: the main trend in France being a strong opposition to a war in Iraq at this time, the commentaries of the French newspapers generally were quite biased. The paper analyzes how the French journalists selected the sentences that they wanted to quote from the original speech and how they translated them. It points out the crucial part played by translation in this process through both a semantic and an oratorical point of view. The latter aspect is the most studied in this paper, particularly through its relations with phonetics: it shows how a sentence or a phrase can be acoustically distorted in order to produce a definite effect

De la responsabilité à la culpabilité. L’exemple des parents d’enfants handicapés

National audienceLe problème de la responsabilité et de la culpabilité, de leur nécessaire distinction et de la difficulté à la formuler comme à la faire jouer, tout clinicien la rencontre régulièrement, quels que soient le champ et le lieu de son intervention. Ce problème se pose néanmoins avec plus d’acuité dans certains domaines : celui dans lequel cet article vient puiser est incontestablement de ceux-ci. Il s’agit du travail d’accompagnement parental auprès de ceux qui ont un enfant “à problèmes”, comme on dit alors dans une formule à la fois très réservée et enveloppante du point de vue descriptif. Plus précisément, les enfants en question présentent (ou présenteront, du point de vue du pronostic) un “handicap” . Rendre compte, du point de vue de l’explication, de ce qu’il en est de la responsabilité par rapport à la culpabilité, et inversement, devient là une nécessité ; mais le problème est bien évidemment à envisager également sous l’angle pratique ou thérapeutiqu

A simple method for quantifying the humic content of commercial products

A method based on an analytical technique, initially developed for quantifying aquatic refractory organic matter (often called humics), has been applied to commercial samples claiming to contain humic-type substances. At present, no method exists for quantifying the humic content on this type of sample. The analytical method is based on measuring the peak current obtained by adsorptive stripping voltammetry of the complex formed by refractory organic matter in the presence of trace amounts of Mo(VI). The quantification procedure requires the response obtained for the unknown sample to be compared with the response obtained with International Humic Substance Society (IHSS) reference humic substances. A very simple procedure that enables the humic content of any sample to be expressed as IHSS standard equivalents is described in detail. The method is highly selective, reproducible and suitable for routine analysi

The lambda-dimension of commutative arithmetic rings

It is shown that every commutative arithmetic ring $R$ has $lambda$-dimension $leq 3$. An example of a commutative Kaplansky ring with $lambda$-dimension 3 is given. If $R$ satisfies an additional condition then $lambda$-dim($R$

Quantification of refractory organic substances in freshwaters: further insight into the response of the voltammetric method

A recently published method for quantifying refractory organic matter (often referred to as humic substances) in freshwaters was applied to a wide range of International Humic Substance Society (IHSS) humic compounds in order to (i) gain a better understanding of the mechanism of the voltammetric response which is the basis of the analytical method and (ii) provide guidance on choosing the optimal standard to be used. At the same time, the sensitivity of the technique has been increased by switching from the pulse mode initially proposed to the square-wave mode. The results obtained show that (i) differences in adsorption onto the electrode rather than differences in complexation strength are responsible for the differences in the intensity of the signal obtained for the different humic compounds, (ii) carboxylate, N- and S-containing groups do not play a role in the voltammetric signa

Détermination en milieu naturel du dioxide de chlore, des ions chlorite et chlorate basée sur l'utilisation du carmin indigo: étude des interférences

Différentes méthodes fondées sur l'exploitation d'un même réactif à savoir le carmin indigo ont été mises en œuvre pour réaliser le suivi du dioxyde de chlore et des sous-produits de dégradation que sont les ions chlorite et chlorate.L'étude de la stabilité du carmin indigo a permis de montrer que la détermination du dioxyde de chlore doit être effectuée dans les premières heures qui suivent l'ajout de carmin indigo, une légère diminution de l'absorbance étant observée au delà de vingt heures. L'absorbance du carmin indigo en présence d'ions chlorite et chlorate reste en revanche stable plusieurs jours.La recherche d'éventuelles interférences (substances humiques, ozone, hypochlorite) a également été effectuée. Les ions chlorite et chlorate réagissent avec les substances humiques en milieu acide selon une cinétique réactionnelle beaucoup plus lente que celle des ions chlorite et chlorate sur le carmin indigo. De ce fait, les pourcentages d'erreur sur les concentrations restent faibles. L'hypochlorite ou plus précisément l'acide hypochloreux réagit avec le carmin indigo ce qui conduit à des erreurs dans la détermination du dioxyde de chlore, des ions chlorite et chlorate. Dans le cas du dosage du dioxyde de chlore, les sources d'erreur peuvent être éliminées en ajoutant de l'ammoniaque avant l'introduction du carmin indigo dans l'échantillon.Après avoir été validés dans des milieux synthétiques, les protocoles ont été appliqués à un milieu naturel : l'eau de distribution de la ville de Brest. Une analyse statistique a été effectuée dans le but de comparer les résultats avec ceux déduits d'autres méthodes basées sur des principes différents.Over the last decade, chlorine dioxide has been increasingly used for disinfecting drinking water in many countries. A guarantee for the protection of the consumer is the presence of a sufficient residual concentration of the bactericidal reagent in drinking water. Thus it is important to determine exactly and accurately the levels of chlorine dioxide at the tap. During water treatment and subsequent distribution, chlorine dioxide can undergo a variety of reduction and disproportionation reactions producing primarily chloride but also chlorite and chlorate, which have been shown to cause haemolytic anemia. Reliable analytical methods are needed to identify and determine levels of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in drinking water. A procedure based on the use of indigo carmine for the determination of each species in natural waters is suggested in this paper.In phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), two moles of chlorine dioxide oxidize one mole of indigo carmine. The concentration of the bactericidal reagent can be determined by measuring the difference in absorbance of the dye at 610 nm before and after reaction with chlorine dioxide. This method is selective as chlorite and chlorate do not react with indigo carmine in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Although the spectrophotometric method can be used successfully used at levels of chlorine dioxide down to 30 µg/l, the determination of lower levels in tap water requires a more sensitive method such as an electrochemical stripping procedure. This analysis is based on the measurement of the decrease in the indigo carmine signal after addition of chlorine dioxide. The detection limit is around 1 µg/l.At pH=2, one mole of indigo carmine reduces one mole of chlorite. Thus the chlorite concentration can be determined by measuring the indigo carmine absorbance at pH=2. At pH=0, indigo carmine reacts with both chlorite and chlorate. A measurement at pH=0 allows chlorate concentrations to be determined since the decrease in absorbance due to the presence of chlorite can be calculated.The stability of indigo carmine absorbance has been studied. An indigo carmine solution prepared in phosphate buffer is stable over several days if kept in light-proof bottles. It is not surprising that the presence of chlorite and chlorate does not lead to a change in absorbance as they do not react with the dye at pH=6.8. A slight decrease in absorbance of an indigo carmine solution containing chlorine dioxide is observed after about twenty hours. This means that the chlorine dioxide concentration has to be determined in the first hours, which follow the addition of the dye to the sample in order to avoid errors.Interferences can arise from other residual oxidants, which may also be used in water treatment, or from substances present in the sample, which may react with indigo carmine, chlorite and chlorate. Accordingly, we have considered the influence of humic substances, ozone and hypochlorite. The absorbance of indigo carmine at pH=2 and at pH=0 does not change in presence of natural organic matter (1 mg/l). Chlorite and chlorate react with humic substances but the kinetics are much slower than those of the reactions with indigo carmine. Errors arising from humic substances in chlorite and chlorate measurements are thus very weak. Ozone may interfere in analyses as it reacts with indigo carmine. However its existence in the distribution network is unlikely as it also reacts with chlorine dioxide, which is in excess, and chlorite to give chlorate. Hypochlorite causes errors in chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate determinations as a result of a reaction with indigo carmine. In the case of chlorine dioxide determinations, errors can be eliminated by adding ammonia to the sample before indigo carmine.Once the validity of the procedures had been proven in synthetic media, the methods were applied to a natural water, that of the water distribution network of the city of Brest, France. The results have been compared with those of other analytical techniques

Adel Abdessemed, Christophe Ono-dit-Biot, Nuit espagnole

Nuit espagnole résulte d’une collaboration nocturne entre Adel Abdessemed et Christophe Ono-dit-Biot. Le 11 juillet 2018, depuis le soir jusqu’au petit matin, l’artiste et l’écrivain ont eu pour eux seuls les salles du Musée Picasso alors consacrées à l’exposition Guernica. Christophe Ono-dit-Biot se fait le « scribe » de cette expérience artistique pensée par Adel Abdessemed ; chaque étape du projet, de l’invitation à la sortie du musée, est mise en récit. L’artiste, quant à lui, a conçu les..

Jérémie Gindre, Image Canoë

Les éditions Sombres torrents publient Image Canoë, court recueil composé de trois récits associés à des illustrations, conçu par l’artiste et écrivain suisse Jérémie Gindre. Les deux premiers textes « Image canoë » (p. 5-13) et « Le Cheval-qui-nage » (p. 17-36) s’apparentent à des essais. L’auteur fait part d’expériences imaginatives, suscitées par des lieux et des objets liés au territoire nord-américain. Plus précisément, c’est la rivière qui constitue le fil directeur de l’écriture. Tout ..