Os olhos e a rede

Globo.comUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

As rotas para conduzir o processo de transição energética de baixo carbono no setor elétrico: uma análise comparativa da Alemanha e o Japão

O seguinte trabalho analisa as rotas de política pública para a conduzir a transição energética de baixo carbono desde uma perspectiva comparada dos casos da Alemanha e Japão. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa de qualitativa a partir do estudo comparativo de ambos os países com base na literatura sobre policy mix. Dessa forma, foi realizado um mapeamento dos pacotes de política pública adotados em cada país para conduzir a descarbonização da matriz elétrica permitindo identificar o tipo de instrumentos considerados, o escopo dos esforços governamentais implementados, e as opções tecnológicas contempladas para substituir as fontes fosseis. Entre os principais resultados, encontrou-se que as políticas de incentivo ao aumento da capacidade de geração de eletricidade a partir de fontes renováveis estão transitando de esquemas de precificação com impacto na tarifa dos consumidores para o estabelecimento de esquemas de precificação que respondam à sinais de mercado, em decorrência da redução dos custos de instalação e geração de eletricidade a partir das fontes renováveis variáveis. O estudo identificou diferenças nas opções tecnológicas consideradas para impulsionar a descarbonização, tendo como elemento notável, a desativação da geração a energia nuclear na Alemanha e a reativação dessa fonte no Japão.  Em ambos os casos, identificou-se as políticas públicas também caminham para a adaptação dos sistemas de elétricos à dinâmica das fontes renováveis variáveis. Finalmente, o escopo das políticas governamentais dos dois países almeja o impulso do desenvolvimento econômico através da construção de nova capacidade produtiva e tecnológica. The following paper analyzes the public policy paths to drive the low-carbon energy transition from a comparative perspective between the German and Japanese cases. For this purpose, qualitative research was carried out based on the comparative study between both countries and of literature about Policy Mix. Therefore, a mapping of the public policy packages adopted in each country to drive the decarbonization of the electric matrix was performed, allowing to identify the type of instruments considered, the scope of the governmental efforts implemented, and the technological options contemplated to replace fossil sources. Among the main results, it was found that the incentive policies to increase the capacity to generate electricity from renewable sources are moving from pricing schemes with an impact on the consumers' tariffs to the establishment of pricing schemes that respond to market signals, due to the reduction of the installation and electricity generation costs from variable renewable sources. The study identified differences in the technological options considered to drive decarbonization, such as phasing out nuclear power generation in Germany and its reactivation in Japan. In both cases, it was identified that public policies are also moving towards an adaptation of the electricity systems to the dynamics of variable renewable sources. Finally, the scope of the governmental policies in both countries aims at boosting economic development through the construction of new productive and technological capacity

Herbicide Selectivity In The Early Development Of Alexander Palm And Peach Palm

Herbicides are an efficient weed-control method, and herbicide selectivity with regard to palm species is an important subject of agricultural research. Owing to a lack of studies in the literature regarding the use of herbicides on palm trees, especially during the early stages of growth, the present study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of some herbicides during the early development of Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) and peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) seedlings. The study was conducted in two seasons in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four repetitions. The herbicide treatments and dosages (g i.a. ha-1), were as follows: fluazifop-p-butyl (93.8), sethoxydim (184.0), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75.0) clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50.0 + 50.0), fomesafen (225.0), lactofen (168.0), and nicosulfuron (50.0), and a no-herbicide control was included. The seedlings of both types of trees were transplanted into 3.1-L plastic containers. In the first study, herbicide was applied to Alexander palm seedlings of 25-30 cm in height. In the second study, herbicide was applied to Alexander palm seedlings of 30-40 cm in height. Herbicide was applied to peach palm tree seedlings of 40-55 cm in height in both studies. In peach palms only, the herbicides caused slight visible damage during early development. Collectively, the results suggested that all herbicides used are selective and can be used on peach palms during the various stages of development when there are one to four leaves. For Alexander palms, fluazifop-p-butyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and lactofen were the only herbicides that did not affect early development during the stages when the plant had one to four leaves.3752891290

Short-Term Study on \u3csup\u3e13\u3c/sup\u3eCarbon Discrimination on Irrigated Tropical Pasture

A better understanding of pasture ecosystem can be obtained through the use of 13C discrimination technique. In this context, an experiment, assigned in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, was conducted to evaluate the Δ 13C (‰) discrimination, nitrogen (N) yield (kg N ha-¹), total nitrogen content (g kg dry matter (DM)-¹) and dry matter yield (kg DM ha-¹) on an irrigated Tanzania grass pasture (Panicum maximum, Jacq.) receiving increasing rates (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-¹ cut-¹) of N fertilizer during the summer. Dry matter yield, N yield and nitrogen concentration increased quadratically with increasing levels of N fertilizer (P \u3c 0.05). On the other hand, Δ values tended to decrease linearly with increasing levels of N fertilizer (P \u3e 0.05). Besides that, negative and significant correlations (P \u3c 0.05) were evident between either Δ values and dry matter yield (R = -0,4807) and D values and N yield (R = -0,5245). Overall results allow to establish the following conclusions: 1) at lower N fertilizer inputs tropical pastures tended to show higher discrimination against 13C though this effect might be associated with lower N concentrations in plant tissue that, in turn, might add inefficiency to the C4 photosynthetic pathway and 2) lower dry matter and N yields were associated with higher 13C discrimination values. Conversely, higher dry matter and N yields were associated to lower 13C discrimination values

New Insights for Benefit of Legume Inclusion in Grazing Systems

The benefits and challenges of legume inclusion in grazing systems have been well documented over time and across different regions. Recent investigations have provided novel insights into the benefits of legume inclusion in grazing systems. Our objective is not to provide a wide overview of the benefits of legume inclusion but to explore novel insights of recent advancements made from studies evaluating legume inclusion in grazing systems. Efficiency of resource use through legume inclusion in grazing systems can reduce the water footprint associated with beef production through improvements in forage nutritive value and animal performance. These efficiencies also translate into improvements in nutrient cycling and nutrient transfer, which are critical for sustaining productivity of grazing systems. Moreover, evidence exists highlighting the importance of root contact between grasses and legumes for sharing N. Provisioning of floral resources from legumes has also been shown to be important for providing habitat for pollinator species. Lastly, soil microbial abundance of microorganisms associated with N2 fixation can be altered according to species present within a pasture, especially when legumes are present. Insights derived from such recent studies continue to provide evidence for the need to continue to develop legume-based grazing agroecosystems

Amiodarone neuropathy clinico-pathological study of two cases

Two patients, a 40-year-old woman and a 75-year-old man, were investigated due to a chronic polyneuritis. Amiodarone was used by them to treat refractory cardiac arrythmia since 4 and 6 years before, respectively. The EMG study showed an axonal neuropathy. The light and electronmicroscopical study of sural nerve displayed a losse of large myelinated fibers and a marked reduction of unmyelinated axons, associated with osmiophilic lamellated inclusions in Schwann cells and endothelial venulae. The interruption of amiodarone therapy improved neuropathy. Considered together with similar reports in perhexiline neuropathy and with chloroquine induced neuropathy this would stress the importance of these new drug-induced neurolipidosis.Dois pacientes, uma mulher de 40 anos e um homem de 75 anos, apresentavam polineurite sensítivo-motora, cujo único antecedente era o uso de amiodarona há 4 e 6 anos respectivamente. O ENMG revelou quadro neuropático tipo axonal. A biópsia do nervo sural mostrou rarefação axonal, mielínica e amielínica, bem como inclusões lamelares osmiofílicas nas células de Schwann e no endotélio venular. Com a retirada da amiodarona houve regressão da polineurite. À semelhança do que foi descrito na neuropatia pelo maleato de perhexiline e pela cloroquina, a amiodarona constitui importante fator de indução de neuro-lipidose medicamentosa.47447