Inversión y Crecimiento económico municipal Plan de mejora de recaudación del servicio de recolección de los desechos sólidos Alcaldía del Municipio de Rivas periodo 2020

El presente trabajo investigativo aborda el estudio de un plan de mejora a las recaudaciones del servicio de recolección de los desechos sólidos en el municipio de Rivas, para el año 2020. En el municipio de Rivas el manejo de los desechos sólidos siempre han sido una prioridad, durante los últimos años se ha mejorado el servicio en su recolección, pero los ingresos de estos han disminuidos, por lo que se busca medidas para seguir cumpliendo con eficiencia este servicio A través de este trabajo describimos el funcionamiento administrativo de las áreas relacionadas al servicio de recolección de los desechos, además detalla el número de personas involucradas en el trabajo y las actividades relacionadas a brindar el servicio. Realizamos un análisis de los montos que se perciben en la alcaldía, tanto de ingresos como egresos del servicio brindado, donde se identifico que los ingresos representa el 12% del total de los gastos incurridos, además que los ingresos han venido disminuyendo, en el año 2017 se logró obtener más ingresos que en el año 2018. Mediante el análisis de la situación en la alcaldía, nos enfocamos en las principales debilidades encontradas, y realizamos diferentes propuestas para mejorar la obtención de ingresos por el servicio de recolección de desechos sólidos, con el fin de lograr cubrir parte de los gastos que incurre este servicio, pretendemos que estas medidas sirvan de gran ayuda al funcionamiento de la alcaldía de Rivas

Exploring the nanostructures accessible to an organic surfactant atmospheric aerosol proxy

The composition of atmospheric aerosols varies with time, season, location, and environment. This affects key aerosol properties such as hygroscopicity and reactivity, influencing the aerosol’s impact on the climate and air quality. The organic fraction of atmospheric aerosol emissions often contains surfactant material, such as fatty acids. These molecules are known to form three-dimensional nanostructures in contact with water. Different nanostructures have marked differences in viscosity and diffusivity that are properties whose understanding is essential when considering an aerosol’s atmospheric impact. We have explored a range of nanostructures accessible to the organic surfactant oleic acid (commonly found in cooking emissions), simulating variation that is likely to happen in the atmosphere. This was achieved by changing the amount of water, aqueous phase salinity and by addition of other commonly coemitted compounds: sugars and stearic acid (the saturated analogue of oleic acid). The nanostructure was observed by both synchrotron and laboratory small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and found to be sensitive to the proxy composition. Additionally, the spacing between repeat units in these nanostructures was water content dependent (i.e., an increase from 41 to 54 Å in inverse hexagonal phase d-spacing when increasing the water content from 30 to 50 wt %), suggesting incorporation of water within the nanostructure. A significant decrease in mixture viscosity was also observed with increasing water content from ∼104 to ∼102 Pa s when increasing the water content from 30 to 60 wt %. Time-resolved SAXS experiments on levitated droplets of this proxy confirm the phase changes observed in bulk phase mixtures and demonstrate that coexistent nanostructures can form in droplets. Aerosol compositional and subsequent nanostructural changes could affect aerosol processes, leading to an impact on the climate and urban air pollution

Measuring Gradients in Gaseous Elemental Mercury Using a Passive Air Sampler

Mercury (Hg) monitoring is necessary to constrain the global Hg cycle and to develop policies for reducing Hg emissions. Passive air samplers (PAS) are an accessible method for monitoring gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). I tested the suitability of PAS for recording GEM gradients at widely varying scales. Vertical gradients on the scale of centimeters to tens of meters measured over soil and within a forest allowed for the observation of GEM uptake in growing vegetation, the determination of the air-surface exchange direction, and the estimation of evaporative fluxes from contaminated soil. When PAS were deployed above a field with known soil contamination, slightly different spatial contamination patterns suggest horizontal GEM advection. on a continental scale, the PAS were also used to map annually averaged GEM levels across South and Central America. Accounting for the effect of wind speed on the PAS sampling rate is necessary to distinguish small concentration differences.M.Sc.2021-12-29 00:00:0

Urban furniture using SBR rubber granule "Creati" - A

El reciclaje de llantas en Bogotá es cada vez más común, a partir de ello se ha desarrollado un nuevo material o materia prima, el cual es usado generalmente en los “Playgrounds” de los niños, baldosas para gimnasios, etc. Sin embargo, dentro del gremio procesador de dicho componente no existen nuevas alternativas de producto y están en busca de ello, teniendo en cuenta las capacidades físicas del gránulo de caucho. La búsqueda por nuevas aplicaciones para el caucho reciclado debe orientarse a obtener productos con mayor valor agregado, para que esta alternativa planteada sea económicamente atractiva, tenga mayores posibilidades de comercialización y consecuentemente al aumentar los volúmenes de utilización de caucho reciclado, se disminuya el impacto ambiental de la disposición de los residuos de caucho. (Arroyave, Velásquez, Vásquez, 2017.) Es de aquí donde nace la idea de generar nuevos productos, teniendo en cuenta las capacidades que este material tiene. Se ha encontrado la oportunidad de diseñar mobiliario urbano, por el alcance que puede llegar a tener, la capacidad de comercialización es alta por la función que tiene y el nivel de producción a gran escala.In Bogota the recycling of tires is becoming pretty common day by day, this process has developed a new material, usually used in kids playgrounds, gym floors, etc. However, within the guild that processes this material, there are not other alternatives of products, where the rubber granule can be used, at least in Colombia, the guilds are looking for other opportunities where the raw material can be exploited. The search of new applications for the recycled must be oriented to obtain product with more value in the market, so this posible alternatives economically speaking can be por attractive, and could have more chances of commercialization and consequently by increasing the volumes of recycled rubber utilization, the environmental impact of the disposal of rubber waste is decreased.(Arroyave, Velásquez, Vásquez, 2017.) Here is where the idea of creating new products is born, having in mind the capacities that this material have. Has been found the opportunity of designing urban furniture, for the scope at the city level, the quantities of material to use, marketing level, and the productive level.Diseñador (a) IndustrialPregrad

Urban furniture using SBR rubber granule "Creati" - B

El reciclaje de llantas en Bogotá es cada vez más común, a partir de ello se ha desarrollado un nuevo material o materia prima, el cual es usado generalmente en los “Playgrounds” de los niños, baldosas para gimnasios, etc. Sin embargo, dentro del gremio procesador de dicho componente no existen nuevas alternativas de producto y están en busca de ello, teniendo en cuenta las capacidades físicas del gránulo de caucho. La búsqueda por nuevas aplicaciones para el caucho reciclado debe orientarse a obtener productos con mayor valor agregado, para que esta alternativa planteada sea económicamente atractiva, tenga mayores posibilidades de comercialización y consecuentemente al aumentar los volúmenes de utilización de caucho reciclado, se disminuya el impacto ambiental de la disposición de los residuos de caucho. (Arroyave, Velásquez, Vásquez, 2017.) Es de aquí donde nace la idea de generar nuevos productos, teniendo en cuenta las capacidades que este material tiene. Se ha encontrado la oportunidad de diseñar mobiliario urbano, por el impacto que puede tener en la problemática identificada.In Bogota the recycling of tires is becoming pretty common day by day, this process has developed a new material, usually used in kids playgrounds, gym floors, etc. However, within the guild that processes this material, there are not other alternatives of products, where the rubber granule can be used, at least in Colombia, the guilds are looking for other opportunities where the raw material can be exploited. The search of new applications for the recycled must be oriented to obtain product with more value in the market, so this posible alternatives economically speaking can be por attractive, and could have more chances of commercialization and consequently by increasing the volumes of recycled rubber utilization, the environmental impact of the disposal of rubber waste is decreased.(Arroyave, Velásquez, Vásquez, 2017.) Here is where the idea of creating new products is born, having in mind the capacities that this material have. Has been found the opportunity of designing urban furniture, for the impact that it may have in the identified problem.Diseñador (a) IndustrialPregrad

Mercury in air and soil on an urban-rural transect in East Africa

There are large knowledge gaps concerning concentrations, sources, emissions, and spatial trends of mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere in developing regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in urban areas. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for assessing the effectiveness of international regulation and for enabling a better understanding of the global transport of Hg in the environment. Here we use a passive sampling technique to study the spatial distribution of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg(0), GEM) and assess emission sources in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Included in the study were the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an e-waste processing facility as potential sources of GEM. To complement the GEM data and for a better overview of the Hg contamination status of Dar es Salaam, soil samples were collected from the same locations where passive air samplers were deployed and analysed for total Hg. Overall, GEM concentrations ranged between <0.86 and 5.34 ng m−3, indicating significant local sources within the urban area. The municipal waste dumpsite and e-waste site had GEM concentrations elevated above the background, at 2.41 and 1.77 ng m−3, respectively. Hg concentrations in soil in the region (range 0.0067 to 0.098 mg kg−1) were low compared to those of other urban areas and were not correlated with atmospheric GEM concentrations. This study demonstrates that GEM is a significant environmental issue in the urban region of Dar es Salaam. Further studies from urban areas in the Global South are needed to better identify sources of GEM

Mercury in air and soil on an urban-rural transect in East Africa

There are large knowledge gaps concerning concentrations, sources, emissions, and spatial trends of mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere in developing regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in urban areas. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for assessing the effectiveness of international regulation and for enabling a better understanding of the global transport of Hg in the environment. Here we use a passive sampling technique to study the spatial distribution of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg(0), GEM) and assess emission sources in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Included in the study were the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an e-waste processing facility as potential sources of GEM. To complement the GEM data and for a better overview of the Hg contamination status of Dar es Salaam, soil samples were collected from the same locations where passive air samplers were deployed and analysed for total Hg. Overall, GEM concentrations ranged between <0.86 and 5.34 ng m−3, indicating significant local sources within the urban area. The municipal waste dumpsite and e-waste site had GEM concentrations elevated above the background, at 2.41 and 1.77 ng m−3, respectively. Hg concentrations in soil in the region (range 0.0067 to 0.098 mg kg−1) were low compared to those of other urban areas and were not correlated with atmospheric GEM concentrations. This study demonstrates that GEM is a significant environmental issue in the urban region of Dar es Salaam. Further studies from urban areas in the Global South are needed to better identify sources of GEM

Mercury in air and soil on an urban-rural transect in East Africa

There are large knowledge gaps concerning concentrations, sources, emissions, and spatial trends of mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere in developing regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in urban areas. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for assessing the effectiveness of international regulation and for enabling a better understanding of the global transport of Hg in the environment. Here we use a passive sampling technique to study the spatial distribution of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg(0), GEM) and assess emission sources in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Included in the study were the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an e-waste processing facility as potential sources of GEM. To complement the GEM data and for a better overview of the Hg contamination status of Dar es Salaam, soil samples were collected from the same locations where passive air samplers were deployed and analysed for total Hg. Overall, GEM concentrations ranged between <0.86 and 5.34 ng m−3, indicating significant local sources within the urban area. The municipal waste dumpsite and e-waste site had GEM concentrations elevated above the background, at 2.41 and 1.77 ng m−3, respectively. Hg concentrations in soil in the region (range 0.0067 to 0.098 mg kg−1) were low compared to those of other urban areas and were not correlated with atmospheric GEM concentrations. This study demonstrates that GEM is a significant environmental issue in the urban region of Dar es Salaam. Further studies from urban areas in the Global South are needed to better identify sources of GEM

Exploring the Nanostructures Accessible to an Organic Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxy

The composition of atmospheric aerosols varies with time, season, location, and environment. This affects key aerosol properties such as hygroscopicity and reactivity, influencing the aerosol’s impact on the climate and air quality. The organic fraction of atmospheric aerosol emissions often contains surfactant material, such as fatty acids. These molecules are known to form three-dimensional nanostructures in contact with water. Different nanostructures have marked differences in viscosity and diffusivity that are properties whose understanding is essential when considering an aerosol’s atmospheric impact. We have explored a range of nanostructures accessible to the organic surfactant oleic acid (commonly found in cooking emissions), simulating variation that is likely to happen in the atmosphere. This was achieved by changing the amount of water, aqueous phase salinity and by addition of other commonly coemitted compounds: sugars and stearic acid (the saturated analogue of oleic acid). The nanostructure was observed by both synchrotron and laboratory small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and found to be sensitive to the proxy composition. Additionally, the spacing between repeat units in these nanostructures was water content dependent (i.e., an increase from 41 to 54 Å in inverse hexagonal phase d-spacing when increasing the water content from 30 to 50 wt %), suggesting incorporation of water within the nanostructure. A significant decrease in mixture viscosity was also observed with increasing water content from ∼104 to ∼102 Pa s when increasing the water content from 30 to 60 wt %. Time-resolved SAXS experiments on levitated droplets of this proxy confirm the phase changes observed in bulk phase mixtures and demonstrate that coexistent nanostructures can form in droplets. Aerosol compositional and subsequent nanostructural changes could affect aerosol processes, leading to an impact on the climate and urban air pollution