35 research outputs found

    A DIVERSIDADE CENOZÓICA DOS BIVALVES ANTÁRTICOS NÃO REFLETE AS MUDANÇAS AMBIENTAIS DO OCEANO AUSTRAL APÓS O ISOLAMENTO TÉRMICO DA ANTÁRTICA.

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    Environmental changes occurred in Southern Hemisphere in response to the separation of Antarctica from Australia, around Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and from South America, during the late Oligocene, greatly affected biodiversity in Southern Ocean. Although it is generally accepted that the Antarctic thermal isolation affected the Cenozoic biodiversity by changing environmental conditions, there is no available study concerning the Cenozoic dynamics of Antarctic bivalve diversity in relation to climatic changes. In this study, an assembling of all available bivalve family and genera described from Antarctic Cenozoic deposits as well as modern bivalve family and genera were analyzed in order to evaluate possible effects of Cenozoic environmental changes on Antarctic bivalve diversity along the Cenozoic. The main conclusion of this work is that the currently known Cenozoic record of the Antarctic bivalves does not reflect Cenozoic environmental changes. This is probably related to the restricted record of Antarctic bivalves, and therefore to the scarce knowledge on the Cenozoic diversity of the group. The analysis also revealed that Cenozoic intervals of highest diversity are attributed to few areas in Antarctica that are available for paleontological exploration. Besides, the large number of recorded bivalve taxa in some Cenozoic intervals may be related to the stratigraphic control of deposits.As mudanças ambientais ocorridas no Hemisfério Sul em resposta à separação da Antártica e a Austrália, no limite Eoceno/Oligoceno, e da Antártica e a América do Sul, durante o final do Oligoceno, afetaram profundamente a biodiversidade das regiões do Oceano Austral. Muito embora seja amplamente aceito que o isolamento térmico da Antártica influenciou a biodiversidade ao alterar as condições ambientais da região, não há estudos relacionados à dinâmica de diversidade dos bivalves antárticos frente às mudanças climáticas ao longo do Cenozóico. No presente estudo, foi analisado o números de famílias e gêneros de bivalves fósseis descritos em depósitos cenozóicos da Antártica, bem como o número de famílias e gêneros de bivalves modernos, com o objetivo de avaliar possíveis efeitos das mudanças ambientais ocorridas ao longo do Cenozóico na diversidade dos bivalves antárticos. Como principal conclusão deste trabalho, o conhecimento atual sobre os bivalves cenozóicos da Antártica não reflete as mudanças ambientais ocorridas ao longo do Cenozóico. Isto provavelmente está relacionado ao registro limitado dos bivalves antárticos e, conseqüentemente ao conhecimento incipiente da diversidade cenozóica do grupo. A análise revelou também que os intervalos de tempo de maior diversidade são, na realidade, resultantes de estudos realizados nas poucas áreas de rochas aflorantes disponíveis para exploração paleontológica na Antártica. No entanto, o grande número de táxons de bivalves registrados em alguns intervalos do Cenozóico pode estar relacionado ao controle estratigráfico dos depósitos

    Ediacaran discs from South America: probable soft-bodied macrofossils unlock the paleogeography of the Clymene Ocean

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    The origin, affinity and paleoecology of macrofossils of soft-bodied organisms of the terminal Ediacaran Period have been highly debated. Previous discoveries in South America are restricted to small shelly metazoans of the Nama Assemblage. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of discoidal structures from the Upper Ediacaran Cerro Negro Formation, La Providencia Group, Argentina. Specimens are preserved in tabular sandstones with microbially-induced sedimentary structures. Flute marks and linear scours at the base of the sandstone layers indicate deposition under high energy, episodic flows. Stratigraphic, sedimentologic, petrographic and taphonomic analyses indicate that the origin of these structures is not related to abiotic process. Preservational and morphological features, as invagination and the presence of radial grooves, indicate that they resemble typical morphs of the Aspidella plexus. The large number of small-sized individuals and the wide range of size classes with skewed distribution suggest that they lived in high-density communities. The presence of Aspidella in the Cerro Negro Formation would represent the first reliable record of Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms in South America. It also supports the paleogeographic scenario of the Clymene Ocean, in which a shallow sea covered part of the southwest Gondwana at the end of the Ediacaran.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Investigaciones Geológica

    The missing mats: MISS diversity and influence on life preservation in the late Ediacaran of the Tandilia System, Argentina

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    Abstract The terminal Ediacaran fossil record includes microbial mats and body fossils characterized by simple morphologies, which represents a challenge to understand several aspects related to the paleoecology of the emerging complex life. The marine siliciclastic deposits of the Cerro Negro Formation (~560–550 Ma) contain evidence of different styles of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and discoidal forms associated with them. Different types of MISS, such as Kinneyia and wrinkle structures, elephant skin, and Arumberia, are reported and related to shallow marine depositional environments. These morphologies are commonly associated with the high quality of preservation of body fossils in Ediacaran deposits. The preservation of Aspidella discoidal holdfast is related to biotic and abiotic processes involving substrate sealing by microbial mats, fluidization, and probably organic matter decay. Both abiotic factors (tidal currents and waves, added to liquefaction and sand injection) and biotic factors (substrate biostabilization by microbial mats favoring sediment cohesion) are considered the main ones responsible for the preservation style in the Cerro Negro Formation. This formation constitutes a remarkable example in SW-Gondwana of how preservation dynamics took place on a seabed sealed by microbial mats and is an important deposit conserving diverse Ediacaran forms of life in South America

    Cloudina-Corumbella-Namacalathus association from the Itapucumi Group, Paraguay: Increasing ecosystem complexity and tiering at the end of the Ediacaran

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    The intriguing Ediacaran fossil Namacalathus is described from limestones of the Tagatiya Guazú Formation, Itapucumi Group, Paraguay. This is the fifth occurrence of the genus in the Ediacaran geological record. The Paraguayan Namacalathus specimens are preserved as partially complete spheroidal cups with an opening at the top and thin walled stems. The remains of this soft-calcified globe-shaped organism occur as sparse disarticulated parautochthonous fragments within bioclastic deposits dominated by Cloudina shells with subordinate Corumbella fragments. The co-occurrence of these three skeletal metazoan species in the same environmental context attests that the diversity of the Paraguayan accumulations is ecologically comparable to the typical skeletal assemblage of the Nama Group. The discovery of new samples of Namacalathus in the Itapucumi Group also indicates that this genus presented a broader paleobiogeographic distribution than previously thought and, in the same way as Cloudina, it represents a low latitude, shallow water metazoan of the Ediacaran Gondwana.Centro de Investigaciones Geológica

    Shell beds from the Low Head Member (Polonez Cove Formation, early Oligocene) at King George Island, west Antarctica: new insights on facies analysis, taphonomy and environmental significance

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    Shell bed levels in the Low Head Member of the early Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation at King George Island, West Antarctica, are re-interpreted based on sedimentological and taphonomic data. The highly fossiliferous Polonez Cove Formation is characterized by basal coastal marine sandstones, overlain by conglomerates and breccias deposited in fan-delta systems. The shell beds are mainly composed of pectinid bivalve shells of Leoclunipecten gazdzickii and occur in the basal portion of the Low Head Member. Three main episodes of bioclastic deposition are recorded. Although these shell beds were previously interpreted as shelly tempestites, we present an alternative explanation: the low fragmentation rates and low size sorting of the bioclasts resulted from winnowing due to tidal currents (background or diurnal condition) in the original bivalve habitat. The final deposition (episodic condition) was associated with subaqueous gravity driven flows. This new interpretation fits with the scenario of a prograding fan-delta front, which transported shell accumulations for short distances near the depositional site, possibly between fair-weather and storm wave bases. This work raises the notion that not every shell bed with similar sedimentological and taphonomic features (such as geometry, basal contact, degree of packing and shell orientation in the matrix) is made in the same way.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

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    Grandes mudanças climáticas ocorridas no final do Paleógeno afetaram profundamente a distribuição e evolução de faunas marinhas e terrestres das porções austrais do Hemisfério Sul. Evidências geoquímicas apontam para a ocorrência de um grande evento de esfriamento global concomitante à expansão dos mantos de gelo na Antártica, no limite Eoceno/Oligoceno, marcando a passagem greenhouse-icehouse no planeta. Tais eventos foram deflagrados pela queda na concentração de gás carbônico atmosférico durante uma fase de mudança na obliquidade da Terra. Simultaneamente, a Antártica se isolou geograficamente, pela separação da Austrália e da América do Sul. A nova configuração tectônica alterou os padrões de circulação marinha e atmosférica nas altas latitudes, culminando na formação da Corrente Circum- Antártica. Sob este aspecto, os bivalves representam um grupo adequado para estudos paleobiogeográficos, devido ao grande potencial de preservação e às características ecológicas, que auxiliam no entendimento da resposta biótica frente às mudanças ambientais e dinâmica das correntes marinhas ocorridas nas altas latitudes ao longo do Cenozoico. A presente tese introduz novos dados a respeito dos depósitos relacionados aos principais eventos cenozoicos de glaciação antártica, como as formações Polonez Cove (Oligoceno inicial) e Melville (Mioceno inicial), na Ilha Rei George. Além disso, avalia, do ponto de vista paleobiogeográfico, a distribuição do registro de moluscos bivalves ao longo do Cenozoico nas porções austrais do Hemisfério Sul. A descrição taxonômica de cinco novos registros, incluindo três espécies novas, contribui para o conhecimento da diversidade cenozoica de moluscos bivalves da Antártica. As análises paleobiogeográficas aplicaram, de forma inédita, métodos analíticos de biogeografia, como as análises de cluster e de parcimônia de endemicidade e panbiogeografia, a partir de extensa lista de dados de ocorrência de gêneros de bivalves, do registro atual e fóssil, totalizando aproximadamente 900 gêneros, distribuídos em mais de 41.000 registros austrais cenozoicos. Os resultados da presente tese confirmam a influência do histórico de mudanças ambientais ocorridas na Antártica na fauna de bivalves marinhos austrais ao longo do Cenozoico. A análise multivariada e de parcimônia de todos os gêneros de bivalves registrados do Cretáceo ao Recente em regiões austrais indica que a Província Weddelliana se fragmentou ainda no final do Cretáceo, sendo que as novas províncias austrais se definiram ainda no Paleógeno. O registro dos gêneros de bivalves cenozoicos da Formação Cape Melville sugere que os eventos glaciais na Antártica extinguiram apenas os gêneros de águas rasas, devido à restrição de habitats costeiros e plataformais após o avanço da plataforma de gelo no Plio-Pleistoceno.Pronounced climatic changes at the end of Paleogene deeply affected the distribution and evolution of marine and terrestrial southern faunas. Geochemical evidences indicate the global occurrence of a major cooling event along with to the ice sheet expansion in Antarctica, in the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, marking the greenhouse-icehouse shift in the planet. Those events were triggered by the drop of the atmospheric carbon dioxide during a phase of changing in the Earth's obliquity. At the same time, Antarctica became geographically isolated, following the separation from Australia and South America. The newly achieved tectonic configuration had a great effect on the marine and atmospheric circulation of the high latitudes, resulting in the development of the Circum-Antarctic Current. In this context, the bivalve molluscs are a good macrofossil model taxon in paleobiogeographic studies as they have a high preservational potential and particular ecological requirements which may help in the understanding of the biotic responses to the environmental changes as well as marine currents dynamics occurred in the high latitudes along the Cenozoic. This thesis introduces new data on the deposits associated to the main Antarctic glacial events in the Cenozoic, as the Polonez Cove (early Oligocene) and Melville (early Miocene) formations. Moreover, it evaluates, in a paleobiogeographic perspective, the distribution of the Cenozoic record of bivalve molluscs in the southernmost South Hemisphere. The taxonomic description of five new records, including three new species, contributes to the knowledge of Cenozoic diversity of Antarctic bivalves. Paleobiogeogtaphic analyses employed, for the first time, analytical method of biogeography, such as cluster analysis, parsimony analysis of endemicity and panbiogeography, by means of a broad data set of Recent and fossil bivalve genera, reaching c.a. 900 austral genera, distributed in more than 41,000 Cenozoic austral records. The obtained results endorse the influence of Cenozoic environmental changes of the high latitudes in the southern marine bivalves. The multivariate and parsimony analyses of all biivalve genera recorded from the Cretaceous to Recent in the southern regions indicate that the Weddellian Province broke apart as early as the end of Cretaceous, and the new southern provinces formed in the Paleogene. The Cenozoic records of bivalve genus from the Cape Melville Formation suggest that the Antarctic glacial events extinguished only shallow genera, due to the restriction of shallow and shelfal habitats following the advance of the Antarctic ice shelf in the Plio-Pleistocene

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    Grandes mudanças climáticas ocorridas no final do Paleógeno afetaram profundamente a distribuição e evolução de faunas marinhas e terrestres das porções austrais do Hemisfério Sul. Evidências geoquímicas apontam para a ocorrência de um grande evento de esfriamento global concomitante à expansão dos mantos de gelo na Antártica, no limite Eoceno/Oligoceno, marcando a passagem greenhouse-icehouse no planeta. Tais eventos foram deflagrados pela queda na concentração de gás carbônico atmosférico durante uma fase de mudança na obliquidade da Terra. Simultaneamente, a Antártica se isolou geograficamente, pela separação da Austrália e da América do Sul. A nova configuração tectônica alterou os padrões de circulação marinha e atmosférica nas altas latitudes, culminando na formação da Corrente Circum- Antártica. Sob este aspecto, os bivalves representam um grupo adequado para estudos paleobiogeográficos, devido ao grande potencial de preservação e às características ecológicas, que auxiliam no entendimento da resposta biótica frente às mudanças ambientais e dinâmica das correntes marinhas ocorridas nas altas latitudes ao longo do Cenozoico. A presente tese introduz novos dados a respeito dos depósitos relacionados aos principais eventos cenozoicos de glaciação antártica, como as formações Polonez Cove (Oligoceno inicial) e Melville (Mioceno inicial), na Ilha Rei George. Além disso, avalia, do ponto de vista paleobiogeográfico, a distribuição do registro de moluscos bivalves ao longo do Cenozoico nas porções austrais do Hemisfério Sul. A descrição taxonômica de cinco novos registros, incluindo três espécies novas, contribui para o conhecimento da diversidade cenozoica de moluscos bivalves da Antártica. As análises paleobiogeográficas aplicaram, de forma inédita, métodos analíticos de biogeografia, como as análises de cluster e de parcimônia de endemicidade e panbiogeografia, a partir de extensa lista de dados de ocorrência de gêneros de bivalves, do registro atual e fóssil, totalizando aproximadamente 900 gêneros, distribuídos em mais de 41.000 registros austrais cenozoicos. Os resultados da presente tese confirmam a influência do histórico de mudanças ambientais ocorridas na Antártica na fauna de bivalves marinhos austrais ao longo do Cenozoico. A análise multivariada e de parcimônia de todos os gêneros de bivalves registrados do Cretáceo ao Recente em regiões austrais indica que a Província Weddelliana se fragmentou ainda no final do Cretáceo, sendo que as novas províncias austrais se definiram ainda no Paleógeno. O registro dos gêneros de bivalves cenozoicos da Formação Cape Melville sugere que os eventos glaciais na Antártica extinguiram apenas os gêneros de águas rasas, devido à restrição de habitats costeiros e plataformais após o avanço da plataforma de gelo no Plio-Pleistoceno.Pronounced climatic changes at the end of Paleogene deeply affected the distribution and evolution of marine and terrestrial southern faunas. Geochemical evidences indicate the global occurrence of a major cooling event along with to the ice sheet expansion in Antarctica, in the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, marking the greenhouse-icehouse shift in the planet. Those events were triggered by the drop of the atmospheric carbon dioxide during a phase of changing in the Earth's obliquity. At the same time, Antarctica became geographically isolated, following the separation from Australia and South America. The newly achieved tectonic configuration had a great effect on the marine and atmospheric circulation of the high latitudes, resulting in the development of the Circum-Antarctic Current. In this context, the bivalve molluscs are a good macrofossil model taxon in paleobiogeographic studies as they have a high preservational potential and particular ecological requirements which may help in the understanding of the biotic responses to the environmental changes as well as marine currents dynamics occurred in the high latitudes along the Cenozoic. This thesis introduces new data on the deposits associated to the main Antarctic glacial events in the Cenozoic, as the Polonez Cove (early Oligocene) and Melville (early Miocene) formations. Moreover, it evaluates, in a paleobiogeographic perspective, the distribution of the Cenozoic record of bivalve molluscs in the southernmost South Hemisphere. The taxonomic description of five new records, including three new species, contributes to the knowledge of Cenozoic diversity of Antarctic bivalves. Paleobiogeogtaphic analyses employed, for the first time, analytical method of biogeography, such as cluster analysis, parsimony analysis of endemicity and panbiogeography, by means of a broad data set of Recent and fossil bivalve genera, reaching c.a. 900 austral genera, distributed in more than 41,000 Cenozoic austral records. The obtained results endorse the influence of Cenozoic environmental changes of the high latitudes in the southern marine bivalves. The multivariate and parsimony analyses of all biivalve genera recorded from the Cretaceous to Recent in the southern regions indicate that the Weddellian Province broke apart as early as the end of Cretaceous, and the new southern provinces formed in the Paleogene. The Cenozoic records of bivalve genus from the Cape Melville Formation suggest that the Antarctic glacial events extinguished only shallow genera, due to the restriction of shallow and shelfal habitats following the advance of the Antarctic ice shelf in the Plio-Pleistocene

    Taxonomy of invertebrate fossils (Oligocene-Miocene) from the King George island (West Antarctica) and paleobiogeography of cenozoic Bivalvia from Antarctica

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    As pesquisas apresentadas nesta dissertação integram o projeto CNPq - PROANTAR 550352/02-3 \"Mudanças paleoclimáticas na Antártica durante o Cenozóico: o registro geológico terrestre\", que estuda os depósitos cenozóicos da ilha Rei George em busca elucidação do histórico ambiental e climático desta região antártica. A evolução dos padrões de circulação marinha e atmosférica no Hemisfério Sul ocorreu em resposta ao isolamento geográfico e térmico da Antártica, resultado de sua separação da Austrália, no limite Eoceno/Oligoceno, e da América do Sul, no final do Oligoceno. Sob este aspecto, o estudo de organismos fósseis registrados nos depósitos cenozóicos da Antártica contribui para o entendimento das evoluções biológicas e ambientais ocorridas concomitantemente às mudanças paleogeográficas, oceanográficas e climáticas na região ao longo do Cenozóico. Frente à dificuldade de acesso, demanda logística e extensa cobertura de gelo, apenas uma pequena porção do registro geológico da Antártica está acessível para pesquisa. Afloramentos da ilha Rei George registram as mudanças climáticas e ambientais ocorridas do Oligoceno ao Mioceno, incluindo evidências do primeiro evento de glaciação perene no oeste do continente (Oligoceno). A despeito da abundância de fósseis nos estratos cenozóicos da ilha, são poucos os trabalhos taxonômicos com descrição sistemática detalhada de bivalves fósseis. O primeiro módulo do presente estudo apresenta a descrição taxonômica de invertebrados de depósitos cenozóicos aflorantes em duas localidades da ilha Rei George, Antártica ocidental. Da Formação Cape Melville (Mioceno), península Melville, foram descritos sete táxons de bivalves, incluindo seis espécies novas. Da Formação Polonez Cove (Oligoceno), Pico Vauréal, uma região previamente inexplorada paleontologicamente, foram descritos sete táxons de invertebrados (bivalves, braquiópodes, tubos de serpulídeos, briozoários e fragmentos de equinodermes), incluindo duas espécies novas. O segundo módulo corresponde à reunião dos gêneros de bivalves registrados em depósitos cenozóicos da Antártica. A análise do registro apontou para o conhecimento bastante incipiente sobre a diversidade de bivalves antárticos ao longo do Cenozóico. Além disso, a comparação entre gêneros de bivalves cenozóicos registrados na Antártica e Nova Zelândia revelou que a maior parte dos gêneros compartilhados está registrada em depósitos eocênicos, o que suporta o isolamento geográfico da Antártica e a redução do intercâmbio faunístico entre a Antártica e regiões periféricas após o Oligoceno. A análise do registro sugeriu um evento de dispersão intenso durante o Eoceno, e pequenos pulsos de dispersão após o Oligoceno. O padrão de distribuição dos táxons concorda parcialmente com as reconstituições de paleocorrentes disponíveis na literatura. A dispersão durante o Eoceno teria ocorrido da Antártica para a Nova Zelândia na direção do Atlântico para o Pacífico. Este evento de dispersão concorda com a hipótese de existência de conexões marinhas de plataforma rasa entre o oeste e o leste da Antártica (\"Passagem de Shackleton\") e da província Weddeliana do final do Cretáceo ao Eoceno. Os eventos de dispersão pósoligocênicos teriam ocorrido durante e após o estabelecimento da Corrente Circum-Antártica, não mais pela \"Passagem de Shackleton\", mas margeando a Antártica pelas bordas ocidental atlântica e oriental em direção à Nova Zelândia. A análise do registro dos bivalves cenozóicos da Antártica também concorda com a hipótese de glaciação perene a partir do início do Oligoceno na região leste do continente, e na metade do Oligoceno na região oeste, com temperaturas mais amenas que as observadas atualmente.The research presented in this dissertation comprised part of the CNPq - PROANTAR Project 550352/02-3 \"Mudanças paleoclimáticas na Antártica durante o Cenozóico: o registro geológico terrestre\", which studies Cenozoic deposits from King George Island in order to elucidate the environmental and climatic Cenozoic histories of this Antarctic region. Cenozoic evolution of marine and atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere occurred in response to the geographic and thermal isolation of Antarctica, which resulted from the separation of Antarctica from Australia, around Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and from South America, during the late Oligocene. Thus, study of fossil organisms from Antarctic Cenozoic deposits contributes to the understanding of biological and environmental evolutions that accompanied paleogeographic, oceanographic and climatic changes during the Cenozoic. As a result of the difficult access, logistic demand and extensive ice cover, only a small part of the Cenozoic Antarctic record is available for study. King George Island records climatic and environmental changes from the Oligocene to the Miocene, including evidence of the first full-scale glaciation (Oligocene) of West Antarctica. Despite the abundance of fossils in Cenozoic deposits of the island, taxonomic studies with detailed systematic descriptions of bivalves are very rare. The first section of this work consists of taxonomic descriptions of invertebrates from Cenozoic deposits cropping out in two localities of King George Island, West Antarctica. Seven taxa of bivalves, including six new species were described from the Cape Melville Formation (Miocene), at Melville Peninsula. Seven taxa of invertebrates (bivalves, brachiopods, serpulid tubes, bryozoans, and echinoderm fragments) were described from the Polonez Cove Formation (Oligocene), at Vauréal Peak, a site previously unexplored paleontologically. The second section presents the results of a survey of the Cenozoic fossil record of Antarctic bivalves. The analysis of the fossil record confirmed that the current knowledge about the Cenozoic diversity of the group is very scarce. Moreover, comparison of Cenozoic bivalve genera from Antarctica and New Zealand showed that the greatest number of shared taxa is recorded in Eocene deposits. This finding supports the geographic isolation of Antarctic and the drop in faunal interchange between Antarctica and periphery after the Oligocene. Analysis of the fossil record suggested an intensive dispersal event during the Eocene, and restricted pulses of dispersal from the Oligocene onwards. The distribution pattern of taxa provides partial support for available reconstructions of marine currents. Eocene dispersal would have occurred from Antarctica to New Zealand in Atlantic-Pacific direction. This dispersal event is consistent with the hypothesis of shallow marine connections between West and East Antarctica (\"Shackleton Seaway\"), as well of the existence of the Weddellian Province from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene. Dispersal events following the Oligocene would have occurred during and after the establishment of the Circum-Antarctic Current, along the West-Atlantic and East margins of Antarctica towards New Zealand, and no longer through \"Shackleton Seaway\". These analyses also support the hypothesis of full-scale glaciation in West Antarctica from the early Oligocene onwards, and in East Antarctica since the mid-Oligocene, with warmer temperatures than today

    The Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation fossil assemblage and the evolution of modern Antarctic marine communities

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    The fossil community from the Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation (King George Island, Antarctica) does not show the archaic retrograde nature of modern Antarctic marine communities, despite evidence, such as the presence of dropstones, diamictites and striated rocks, that it was deposited in a glacial environment. Unlike modern Antarctic settings, and the upper units of the Eocene La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica, which are 10 million years older, the Cape Melville Formation community is not dominated by sessile suspension feeding ophiuroids, crinoids or brachiopods. Instead, it is dominated by infaunal bivalves, with a significant component of decapods, similar to present day South American settings. It is possible that the archaic retrograde structure of the modern community did not fully evolve until relatively recently, maybe due to factors such as further cooling and isolation of the continent leading to glaciations, which resulted in a loss of shallow shelf habitats
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