The Entitlement Theory of Justice in Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia

Nozick’s entitlement theory of justice has its major attempts to defend the institution of private property and to criticize the redistributive measures on the part of government. Nozick frowns at Rawls’ approach and the approach of welfare economics, which focused on evaluating only current time-slices of a distribution with no concern about the procedural aspects of justice. His notion of distributive justice has its anchorage on the account of what and how a given person is entitled to in virtue of what he has acquired and earned. While Rawls, whose position seems incompatible with that of Nozick holds a notion of justice on the account of the equality of the claims of each person in respect of basic needs and of the means to meet such needs. Nozick’s theory is a reaction against Rawls’ notion of distributive justice which he terms patterned, and of which he feels if upheld would consistently interfere with individual’s rights. This paper therefore argues that contrary to what Robert Nozick seems to suggest we do not see his theory as all satisfying nor any alternative, rather we are convinced that the inherent merits of his theory would suitably complement other patterned theories of distributive justice. This paper employed the expository method as well as critical analysis and prescriptive methods

Who visits World Heritage? A comparative analysis of three cultural sites

Heritage tourism is a growing segment of the modern tourism industry, and several studies have been undertaken to identify the individuals who participate in this type of tourism. These have indicated that heritage tourists, generally, are middle class, middle age, and well educated. However, despite their iconic role, there has been relatively little attention paid to profile of visitors to World Heritage Sites. This study aims to better understand the demography of this specific tourism segment through the use of survey-based research at three geographically diverse World Heritage Sites: Independence Hall in the USA, Studenica Monastery in Serbia, and the Archaeological Site of Volubilis in Morocco. Through the use of descriptive statistics, several over-arching trends were noted among the three sites. World Heritage Site visitors were found to be very well educated, but they did not have any similarities in relation to age, income, or residence, which contrasts the “general” heritage tourist typology. However, there were several World Heritage specific trends. While this work is a snapshot of the three sites under study and thus is difficult to generalize, it provides the basis for more comprehensive demographic research on visitors to World Heritage Sites

Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Well- and Ill-Being of Elite Youth Soccer Players Over Two Competitive Seasons

Grounded in the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework (Elliot & McGregor, 2001),the purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal relationships between achievement goals, competition appraisals and indices of psychological and emotional welfare among elite adolescent soccer players. A subsidiary aim was to ascertain the mediational role of competition appraisals in explaining the potential achievement goal and well-/ill-being relationships. Ninety-one boys (mean age = 13.82 years) involved in an elite soccer program completed multisection questionnaires capturing the targeted variables. Measures were obtained on five occasions across two competitive seasons. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that MAp goals positively, and MAv goals negatively, predicted within-person changes in well-being over two seasons. PAp goal adoption was positively associated to within-person changes in negative affect. PAv goals corresponded negatively to between-person mean differences in positive affect. The results of the indirect effects showed challenge appraisals accounted for within-person associations between a MAp goal focus and well- and ill-being over time. The present findings provide only partial support for the utility of the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework in predicting young athletes’ psychological and emotional functioning in an elite youth sport setting

Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Psychological and Emotional Welfare of Sport Participants

Grounded in the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), a model was tested examining the hypothesized relationships between approach and avoidance (mastery and performance) goals, challenge and threat appraisals of sport competition, and positive and negative indices of well-being (i.e., self-esteem, positive, and negative affect). A further aim was to determine the degree to which the cognitive appraisals mediated the relationship between the four achievement goals and the indicators of athletes’ welfare. Finally, measurement and structural invariance was tested with respect to gender in the hypothesized model. An alternative model was also estimated specifying self-esteem as an antecedent of the four goals and cognitive appraisals. Four hundred and twenty-four team sport participants (Mage = 24.25) responded to a multisection questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the hypothesized model only. Challenge and threat appraisals partially mediated the relationships observed between mastery-based goals and the well-being indicators. Lastly, the hypothesized model was found to be invariant across gender

Changing assessment practices: the case for online moderation

Online moderation meetings have the potential to support the collaborative professional development of teachers, and the formation of a common understanding of what denotes quality in student work in a standards based assessment system. In doing so systemic calls for consistency across education systems are also being met. In this paper a case for employing online moderation meetings is developed through recourse to the demands of learning in the twenty-first century and the place of assessment within those discourses. It is argued that empirical data is needed on the efficacy of online moderation meetings to guide future practice as the use of information and communication technologies increases in education systems. Online moderation is one way of gathering teachers across vast distances to share their understandings and develop common meanings of assessment. While it is suggested that online moderation is one possible procedure to meet systemic requirements and support teachers’ professional collaboration, the implementation of such a system also introduces new challenges for schools and teachers. Meeting online to discuss professional understandings is a new way of operating for teachers and involves technology that has not yet been fully utilised within education departments. Issues such as the types of interactions that are afforded within such an environment, as well as technical operating problems that occur when using technology impact on the employment of online meetings. Online moderation meetings while potentially solving the issue of developing common understandings across an entire department also pose new issues to be resolved. There is a need for research into the efficacy of online moderation meetings so that future policy decisions may be based on sound empirical data. It is imperative that as new ways of knowing and acting are incorporated into school curriculum and pedagogy, assessment practices are also aligned. Online moderation meetings can support such practices by enabling teachers to communicate with a wider and more diverse group of teachers to establish common understandings

Missed Opportunity: Transit and Jobs in Metropolitan America

Analyzes data on metropolitan areas' transit systems, including access, rush hour service, and percentage of high- and low-skill jobs reached in ninety minutes. Explores implications for investments and land use, economic development, and housing policy

A picture is worth a thousand words: The empowering potential of using photo-elicitation within research and teaching.....

This paper defines photo elicitation, traces its development and use within research, and explores its potential use within a teacher education classroom setting. The paper will argue that photo elicitation enhances the possibility of conventional research and reflection, particularly when researching across cultural and language boundaries. I will draw on the insights gained during a small-scale research project conducted using photo elicitation as one form of data collection while interviewing English Language Learners (ELLs), and the use of reflective photo elicitation within a teacher training classroom setting. This paper reasons that photo elicitation, when used as a basis for interviewing, teaching and reflection, can act as a powerful trigger for memories, and can evoke unexpected and varied topics of discussion within the research setting. The challenge is made to researchers and teachers within ELL fields to extend their use of photo elicitation as a means of gaining deeper insights into their ELLs

Pengaruh lama waktu fermentasi dengan menggunakan media cair limbah kulit pisang terhadap ketebalan lapisan nata de banana

Kulit buah pisang merupakan bagian dari buah pisang yang umumnya dibuang tanpa dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut. Acetobacter xylinum merupakan mikroorgnisme yang jika ditumbuhkan dalam media cair mengandung gula misalnya air kelapa, bakteri ini akan menghasilkan asam cuka atau asam asetat. Bakteri asam asetat termasuk mikroorganisme penghasil nata yang dapat membentuk asam asetat melalui proses oksidasi metilalkohol menjadi asam asetat dan mampu mengoksidasi komponen-komponen organik lain, termasuk asam asetat sendiri. Jenis kulit pisang yang baik dijadikan bahan dasar dalam membuat nata adalah jenis kulit pisang yang beraroma tajam dan khas seperti pisang kepok (Musa acuminata L). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu fermentasi terhadap tingkat ketebalan lapisan Nata de Banana dan Untuk mengetahui lama waktu fermentasi yang efektif dengan menggunakan media cair limbah kulit pisang dalam membentuk lapisan selulosa Nata de Banana. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, variabel bebas yaitu lama waktu fermentasi dari kulit pisang kepok, variabel terikat yaitu kualitas nata dari jenis kulit pisang dengan indikator yaitu tingkat ketebalan lapisan Nata de Banana, dan variabel kontrol yaitu jumlah bahan, suhu, dan proses pembuatan. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan disusun dalam 9 taraf konsentrasi, yaitu P0 = 0 Hari, P1 = 2 Hari, P2 = 4 Hari, P3 = 6 Hari, P4 = 8 Hari, P5 = 10 Hari, P6 = 12 Hari, P7 = 14 Hari, P8 = 16 Hari, dengan menggunakan tiga kali ulangan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Analisis Variansi untuk faktor tunggal, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT, jika terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan. Program perhitungan yang digunakan adalah SPSS-17. Pengaruh lama waktu fermentasi dengan menggunakan media cair limbah kulit pisang mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap ketebalan lapisan Nata de Banana, dengan signifikan. Lama waktu fermentasi yang efektif dalam menghasilkan lapisan Nata de Banana, berada pada 8 sampai dengan 12 hari, dengan masa panen terbaik adalah pada waktu fermentasi ke-12. English The Banana peel is the part of the banana which is discarded generally and it is not further used. Acetobacter xylinum is the microorganism which is grown on a liquid media. It is contains sugar such as coconut water, the bacteria produces the acid vinegar or acetic acid. Acetic acid bacteria including the microorganism as the producer of nata which it can forms the acetic acid through the oxidation of methyl alcohol to acetic acid and it is able to oxidize the other organic components, including the acetic acid itself. A good banana peel type is used as the basic ingredient on making nata is the pungent and distinctive type such as kepok banana (musa acuminata L). This study aim is to find out the effect of fermentation time on the level of precipitate thickness of Nata de Banana and to find out the effective fermentation time by the using of the liquid waste banana peel media in forming a precipitate of Nata de Banana cellulose. This study used an experimental method. The independent variable is the long time of fermentation from the kepok banana peel. The dependent variable is the nata quality from peel type of banana and the indicator is the precipitate thickness of Nata de Banana, and the control variable is the amount of material, temperature, and the making process. The Experimental design used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments are arranged in 9 degree of concentration are P0 = 0 days, P1 = 2 days, P2 = 4 days, P3 = 6 days, P4 = 8 days, P5 = 10 days, P6 = 12 days, P7 = 14 days, P8 = 16 days, with using three repeats. The technique of analysis data used the Variance analysis to a single factor, and it is followed by BNT test, if there are significant differences. Calculation program is used was SPSS-17. The effect of fermentation time by the using of the liquid waste banana peel media has a significant effect on precipitate thickness of Nata de Banana significantly. The effective fermentation time on produces the Nata de Banana precipitate is at 8 to 12 days, with the best harvest time is the 12th fermentation time