Atomic force microscopy studies of the surface scale formed during oxidation of incoloy MA956

The formation of thin oxide films on {111} and {110} single crystal specimens of Fe20Cr5A1 based oxide dispersion strengthened alloy during the early stages of oxidation up to 1000°C was investigated by atomic force microscopy. The atomic force microscopy results revealed the crystalline character of a corrosion layer. The alumina scale morphology (height and grain size of crystallites) was only slightly dependent on the crystallographic texture of the underlying bulk material. The results show that atomic force microscopy has the potential to study surface structure of oxide layers in the initial stages of an oxidation process

Effect of bondcoat roughness on lifetime of APS-TBC systems in dry and wet gases

Low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) is a process commonly used for deposition of MCrAlY (M=Ni,Co) bondcoats for air plasma spray thermal barrier coatings (APS-TBCs). LPPS produces bondcoats with a high roughness and good oxidation resistance, which are known to play a key role for long lifetimes of APS-TBC’s. An alternative process for the bondcoat deposition is high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), which is substantially cheaper than LPPS but even with well optimized spraying parameters generates intrinsically lower bondcoat roughness. In the present work it is shown that a bi-layer MCrAlY-bondcoat consisting of an HVOF-base layer and an upper, thin APS-flashcoat of the same chemical composition can provide cyclic oxidation TBC-lifetimes, which are similar to those obtained with well optimized LPPS bondcoats. The key points for the extended lifetime are the specific roughness profile and microstructure of the flashcoat, which allow good adhesion of the topcoat combined with an excellent oxidation resistance. Testing of the TBC-system with the APS-flashcoat in the atmosphere with increased amount of water vapour relevant for gas-turbine operation on alternative, hydrogen rich fuels revealed some lifetime shortening with respect to the drier test gas. However, even under these more aggressive conditions, the measured cyclic furnace lifetimes of samples with APS-flashcoat are a factor of 2 to 3 longer than those of the reference TBC-system with the state of the art HVOF bondcoat. Depending on the actually prevailing coating system and test conditions, the life times of the coatings were even longer than for coating systems which were completely manufactured using LPPS. In order to correlate the bondcoat roughness profile with the APS-TBC-lifetime an alternative method based on fractal analysis is proposed. Using this method, a more accurate description of complex bondcoat surface morphologies and a better correlation with the TBC-lifetime are obtained than with the commonly used mean roughness amplitude (Ra) approach

Разработка техники и технологии для осуществления зарезки боковых стволов в добывающих скважинах Нефтегорского месторождения

Surface alloys were made on mild steel, coated with nicker and chromium using laser surface alloying. Mild steel was coated with a composite layer of nickel and chromium using the plasma technique. This was followed by laser irradiation using a continuous carbon dioxide laser. Oxidation and corrosion behaviour of these alloys was then determined by carrying out oxidation in air at 800 degrees C and corrosion tests at room temperatures in 1 N H2SO4 With a 75 mu m layer of nickel and chromium each, it was possible to make surface alloys on mild steel, which had a chromium concentration of 6-7 wt%, but the nickel concentration varied from 10-20 wt%. Oxidation behaviour improved significantly over the as-coated specimen and aqueous corrosion improved considerably

Oxidation and interdiffusion in MCrAlY-type bondcoats and their correlation with TBC life

A pre-requisite for extended and reproducible lifetimes of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems is the use of oxidation-resistant metallic bondcoats with optimized performance. Whereas in aircraft engines electron-beam physically vapour deposited (EB-PVD) TBCs with Ni-aluminide type bondcoats are used, in land based gas-turbines MCrAlY-type (M=Ni,Co) bondcoats are applied, typically in combination with a ceramic topcoat produced by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Failure mechanisms and parameters, which influence lifetime of the TBC-systems with MCrAlY-bondcoats will be discussed. The performance of MCrAlY-bondcoats will be shown to depend on the contents of the major alloying elements Co, Ni, Cr and Al as well as minor additions of Y and Hf. In addition, the role of manufacturing related properties such as coating thickness, porosity, surface roughness profile and oxygen content in determining TBC-system lifetime will be emphasized. The requirements of high bondcoat oxidation (corrosion) resistance and good chemical compatibility with the base material are frequently contradictory with respect to the bondcoat chemistry. One of the possible solutions to the latter problem is using multilayered bondcoats with an outer layer optimized for formation of a slowly thickening thermally grown oxide (TGO) and the bottom layer optimized for suitable mechanical properties and reduced interdiffusion with the base material. It will be shown that successful development and application of such complex, multilayer coating systems can be substantially facilitated using thermodynamic/kinetic modeling, the vast potential of which has become apparent in recent years

The Oxidation behavior of ODS iron aluminides

Oxide-dispersed Fe-28at.%Al-2%Cr alloys were produced by a powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion. A variety of stable oxides were added to the base alloy to assess the effect of these dopants on the oxidation behavior at 1200{degrees}C in air and O{sub 2}. An Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} dispersion flattened the {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} scale, but produced none of the other reactive element effects and had an adverse influence on the long-term oxidation behavior. A Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} dispersion improved the alumina scale adhesion relative to a Zr alloy addition at 1200{degrees} and 1300{degrees}C. However, the Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} dispersion was not as effective in improving scale adhesion in Fe{sub 3}Al as it is in FeCrAl. This inferior performance is attributed to a larger amount of interfacial void formation on ODS Fe{sub 3}Al

О взаимодействии карбазолилтиирана с карбоновыми кислотами

Изучено взаимодействие карбазолилтиирана с карбоновыми (уксусной, акриловой, метакриловой) и дикарбоновыми (адипиновой, себациновой, фталевой) кислотами. Показано, что основными продуктами взаимодействия являются олигомеры. С избытком уксусной кислоты, наряду с олигомером, выделен также продукт присоединения уксусной кислоты к карбазолилтиирану, идентифицированный как 2-меркапто-3-(9`-карбазолил)-1-ацетокси-пропан. Найдены условия получения всех олигомерных продуктов, изучены их свойства, показаны возможности применения

Тепло-гідравлічний розрахунок мережі нафтових трубопроводів на основі двошарового бонд-графу

Purpose. Parallel synchronized calculation of networks with certain hydraulic and thermal properties of separate oil pipelines, which is possible with the use of a two-layer bond graph and a complex methods of potentials in nodes and methods loop currents in circuits. The authors propose to link two layers of graphs of the scheme using the equation of state of oil as a gas-liquid mixture, which will simplify and increase the speed of calculations. Findings. The principles of operation of the ball valve of the shut-off valve and its main differences from the flopper shutter are considered in detail. Also, the geometric parameters of the ball itself are demonstrated in detail. Examples of design are given, and the operating principle of the most common models of shut-off valves is described. Originality. The connection of the hydraulic and thermal layer of the bond-graph is realized by taking into account the average temperatures and the total heat transfer coefficient on the branches of the graph. Practical implications. The developed system of equations of the two-layer bond graph is applied to an estimation of work of networks of oil pipelines at designing and change of operational modes.Мета. Паралельний синхронізований розрахунок трубопровідних мереж з індивідуальними гідравлічними і тепловими властивостями окремих нафтопроводів, який можливий з використанням двошарового бонд-графа (зв'язкового графа) і комплексного поєднання методу потенціалів у вузлах з методом струмів у ланцюгах. Автори пропонують пов'язати два шари зв'язкового графа схеми за допомогою рівняння стану нафти як газорідинної суміші, що спростить і збільшить швидкість попередніх технологічних розрахунків. Висновки. Застосування зв'язування шарів бонд-графу щодо гідравлічних і теплових характеристик можливе із застосуванням ряду усереднених термобаричних параметрів. В цьому випадку гідравлічна ділянка може вважатися такою, на якій є середня температура і середній показник теплообміну, що дозволяє синхронізувати шари і привести їх до єдиної і уніфікованої нумерації гілок і вузлів. Прийом виявився програмно-працездатним і перевірений на практиці для моделювання та попередньої оцінки технологічних режимів роботи мережі нафтопроводів. Оригінальність. Зв'язок гідравлічного і теплового шарів бонд-графу реалізовано з урахуванням середніх температур і сумарного коефіцієнта теплопередачі на гілках графа. Практичне значення. Розроблена система рівнянь двошарового графа зв'язків (бонд-графа) застосовується для інженерної оцінки роботи мереж нафтопроводів при технологічному проектуванні і зміні режимів роботи ділянок мережі нафтопроводів

Methods to Elicit Forecasts from Groups: Delphi and Prediction Markets Compared

Traditional groups meetings are an inefficient and ineffective method for making forecasts and decisions. We compare two structured alternatives to traditional meetings: the Delphi technique and prediction markets. Delphi is relatively simple and cheap to implement and has been adopted for diverse applications in business and government since its origins in the 1950s. It can be used for nearly any forecasting, estimation, or decision making problem not barred by complexity or ignorance. While prediction markets were used more than a century ago, their popularity waned until more recent times. Prediction markets can be run continuously, and they motivate participation and participants to reveal their true beliefs. On the other hand, they need many participants and clear outcomes in order to determine pay-offs. Moreover, translating knowledge into a price is not intuitive to everyone and constructing contracts that will provide a useful forecast may not be possible for some problems. It is difficult to maintain confidentiality with markets and they are vulnerable to manipulation. Delphi is designed to reveal panelists’ knowledge and opinions via their forecasts and the reasoning they provide. This format allows testing of knowledge and learning by panelists as they refine their forecasts but may also lead to conformity due to group pressure. The reasoning provided as an output of the Delphi process is likely to be reassuring to forecast users who are uncomfortable with the “black box” nature of prediction markets. We consider that, half a century after its original development, Delphi is under-utilized