Investigation of angular distribution on copper ions using faraday cup technique

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm delivering pulse energy of 125 mJ and pulse duration of 8 ns was employed as a source of energy to generate plasma. The laser was focused on copper as a target material. The angular distribution of ejected ions species were collected by a developed Faraday cup. The cups were arranged radialy at the range of angles from 5o to 90o with two radiuses of 5 cm and 10 cm. The cups were coupled to high speed oscilloscope to display and measure the ion flux and charge state. The exposed Faraday cup was also studied by metallurgical technique. The results obtained show that the maximum flux of copper ion collected by Faraday cup was 11.7 x 1016 charge /sec. The maximum number of charge state was Cu+4 at 5 cm and Cu+3 at 10 cm. In general the angular distribution of ions flux is maximum in axial direction and decreases in radial direction. Various elements are found deposited on Faraday cup with majority lines of copper cluste

The OIV 1407.3\AA /1401.1\AA\ emission-line ratio in a plasma

Line ratio of O IV 1407.3 \AA/1401.1 \AA\- is calculated using mostly our own atomic and collisional data. Energy levels and oscillator strengths needed for this calculation have been calculated using a Hartree-Fock relativistic (HFR) approach. The electron collision strengths introduced in the statistic equilibrium equations are fitted by polynomials for different energies. Comparison has also been made with available theoretical results. The provided line ratio has been obtained for a set of electron densities from $10^{8}$ cm$^{-3}$ to $10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$ and for a fixed temperature of 50 000 K.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Researc

Study of dynamics of glass plasma induced by Nd:YAG laser in external magnetic field

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 8 ns) is focused on glass target to generate plasma in the presence of external magnetic field in air. The variable transverse magnetic field is applied by an assembly of electromagnetic poles to create uniform magnetic field in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 T. In the absence of external magnetic field the plasma plume expands almost spherical, perpendicular to the target surface. In the presence of transverse external magnetic field there is an increase in radial expansion and plume confines in a certain region within magnetic field. The dynamics of glass plasma is investigated by capturing plume images by charged-coupled device CCD video camera. The images are captured for different values of applied magnetic field strength. The irradiated glass material is collected on aluminum substrate and surface morphology is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Plasma splashing from Al and Cu materials induced by and Nd : YAG pulsed laser

Plasma splashing from Al and Cu target materials and the growth of thin films on Cu and Al, respectively, has been studied using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a 1064-nm, 80-mJ, 8-ns pulse width as the source of ablation. The target kept rotating and the substrate, Cu for Al and vice versa, was placed at an angle of 15° with respect to the beam axis. During the laser-matter interaction, the targets absorbed thermal energy within the thermal region depth of 4.7 (1.1) nm, yielding an ablated skin depth of 6.7 (4.2) nm. The surface morphology of the exposed targets was studied by analyzing SEM micrographs obtained using a ZEISS SUPRA 35 VP. The obtained results are explained on the basis of different sputtering/ablation mechanisms. Comparatively severe damage forming a bigger crater is seen on the Al target surface in contrast to the crater on the Cu surface. This observation is correlated with the blustering effect and/or debris formation. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) of the substrates yielded the deposition of micrometric grain-size particle

Nanomaterials for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

The diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain challenging due to the lack of convenient assessment techniques and to the resistance to conventional antimicrobial therapy, showing the need for novel approaches to address such problems. In this regard, nanotechnology has a strong potential for both the diagnosis and therapy of UTIs via controlled delivery of antimicrobials upon stable, effective and sustained drug release. On one side, nanoscience allowed the production of various nanomaterial-based evaluation tools as precise, effective, and rapid procedures for the identification of UTIs. On the other side, nanotechnology brought tremendous breakthroughs for the treatment of UTIs based on the use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) for instance, owing to the antimicrobial properties of metals, or of surface-tailored nanocarriers, allowing to overcome multidrug-resistance and prevent biofilm formation via targeted drug delivery to desired sites of action and preventing the development of cytotoxic processes in healthy cells. The goal of the current study is therefore to present the newest developments for the diagnosis and treatment of UTIs based on nanotechnology procedures in relation to the currently available techniques

Spectroscopic estimation of electron temperature and density of zinc plasma open air induced by Nd:YAG laser

The spectroscopic emission of zinc plasma along with CCD imaging profile has been studied. The zinc target has been irradiated with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 290 mJ, 10 ns, 29 MW) in air at atmospheric pressure. The plasma emission is recorded with 100 ns integration time. Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadening profile of the transition line has been used to estimate the electron temperature (Te) and electron density (Ne) respectively. Estimated values of Te and Ne is in the range of (5700–6756) K and (1.6 × 1015-3.39 × 1015) cm-3 at three laser shots respectively

Graphite thin film deposition using laser induced plasma

The Excimer KrF laser (of wave length 248 nm, pulse energy of 13-50 mJ and pulse width of 20 ns) has been used to ablate graphite solid target. Thin films of graphite material have been grown on silicon (Si) substrate at different temperatures (25°C & 300°C). The techniques x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the structure and surface morphology of the deposited thin films. The whole experiment has been performed in the stainless steel chamber under pressure 10-4 torr and each thin film has been deposited for 10,000 laser shots. The graphite thin film deposited at higher substrate temperature has smooth structure and the film is uniform

Onco-Receptors Targeting in Lung Cancer via Application of Surface-Modified and Hybrid Nanoparticles: A Cross-Disciplinary Review

Lung cancer is among the most prevalent and leading causes of death worldwide. The major reason for high mortality is the late diagnosis of the disease, and in most cases, lung cancer is diagnosed at fourth stage in which the cancer has metastasized to almost all vital organs. The other reason for higher mortality is the uptake of the chemotherapeutic agents by the healthy cells, which in turn increases the chances of cytotoxicity to the healthy body cells. The complex pathophysiology of lung cancer provides various pathways to target the cancerous cells. In this regard, upregulated onco-receptors on the cell surface of tumor including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrins, transferrin receptor (TFR), folate receptor (FR), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptor, etc. could be exploited for the inhibition of pathways and tumor-specific drug targeting. Further, cancer borne immunological targets like T-lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and dendritic cells could serve as a target site to modulate tumor activity through targeting various surface-expressed receptors or interfering with immune cell-specific pathways. Hence, novel approaches are required for both the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancers. In this context, several researchers have employed various targeted delivery approaches to overcome the problems allied with the conventional diagnosis of and therapy methods used against lung cancer. Nanoparticles are cell nonspecific in biological systems, and may cause unwanted deleterious effects in the body. Therefore, nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) need further advancement to overcome the problem of toxicity in the treatment of lung cancer. Moreover, the route of nanomedicines’ delivery to lungs plays a vital role in localizing the drug concentration to target the lung cancer. Surface-modified nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in the field of theranostics. This cross-disciplinary review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathways implicated in the different classes of lung cancer with an emphasis on the clinical implications of the increasing number of actionable molecular targets. Furthermore, it focuses specifically on the significance and emerging role of surface functionalized and hybrid nanomaterials as drug delivery systems through citing recent examples targeted at lung cancer treatment.The APC was funded through PHOTO-EMULSION project. Financing entity: European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT SCREENING OF ANACYLUS PYRETHRUM, APIUM GRAVEOLENS, BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA, CINNAMOMUM CASSIA BLUME, CUSCUMIS MELO LINN, CUSCUMIS SATIVUS LINN, DAUCUS SATIVUS, FOENICULUM VULGARE, TRACHYSPERMUM AMMII AND THEIT EFFECT ON VARIOUS HUMAN AILMENTS

Herbal medicinal plants are commonly intended for the cure and prevention of countless diseases for the reason that of low price, more effectiveness and no side effects. The medicinal plants consist of several types of phytochemical constituents as alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and carbohydrates that are used for various human ailments. Such types of constituents not only have biochemical compounds but also have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal activity and intended for the treatment of diabetes, kidney, liver and stomach ailments. The use of herbal natural plants is more economic and reliable for these types of diseases. These medicinal plants have been second-hand for different human disorders with no side effects of reoccurrence