Neuronal functions of ahr-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxic effects of dioxins and related compounds. Toxicological and genetic studies have shown that AHR regulates important development events and physiological functions. Interestingly, AHR homologs are found in most metazoans, and studies of AHR regulation and function in invertebrate model systems may provide insight to the ancient functions of AHR. In this thesis, I analyze the endogenous functions of the ahr-1 gene in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ahr-1:GFP is expressed in a subset of neurons. ahr-1 regulates the development of diverse neuronal cell types, including the AVM and PLM touch receptor neurons and the SDQR interneuron. Dorsal migration of the SDQR neuron requires the normal functions of both ahr-1 and its transcription factor dimerization partner ahr-1. Further, I show that UNC-6/Netrin, SAX-3/Robo, and UNC-129/TGFbeta also have roles in this migration event. In the URXL and URXR neurons, the UNC-86 transcription factor promotes expression of ahr-1, and the AHR-1 transcriptional complex then activates the expression of certain cell type specific markers, including gcy-32:GFP and npr-1:GFP. These data show that the AHR-1 transcriptional complex acts in combination with other intrinsic and extracellular factors to direct the differentiation of distinct neuronal subtypes;In addition to its roles in neural development, ahr-1 also functions acutely to regulate a specific behavior: the aggregation of C. elegans on lawns of bacterial food. Loss-of-function mutations in ahr-1 or aha-1 suppress aggregation behavior in npr-1-deficient animals. Expression of ahr-1 in only 4 neurons, including URXR and URXL, restores aggregation behavior to ahr-1 mutant animals. Aggregation behavior can be restored to ahr-1-deficient animals by heat-shock induction of ahr-1 expression several hours after development of the URX neurons is normally complete. Mutants defective in ahr-1 or aha-1 express the gcy-32, gcy-34, and gcy-35 soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) reporter genes at markedly reduced levels. These genes have been shown to have key roles in regulating aggregation behavior. Collectively, these data support a model in which the AHR-1:AHA-1 transcription complex regulates the expression of sGCs and other unidentified genes that act acutely in the URX neurons to promote aggregation behavior

Genuine Knowledge from Practice: Diffusion Test-Time Adaptation for Video Adverse Weather Removal

Real-world vision tasks frequently suffer from the appearance of unexpected adverse weather conditions, including rain, haze, snow, and raindrops. In the last decade, convolutional neural networks and vision transformers have yielded outstanding results in single-weather video removal. However, due to the absence of appropriate adaptation, most of them fail to generalize to other weather conditions. Although ViWS-Net is proposed to remove adverse weather conditions in videos with a single set of pre-trained weights, it is seriously blinded by seen weather at train-time and degenerates when coming to unseen weather during test-time. In this work, we introduce test-time adaptation into adverse weather removal in videos, and propose the first framework that integrates test-time adaptation into the iterative diffusion reverse process. Specifically, we devise a diffusion-based network with a novel temporal noise model to efficiently explore frame-correlated information in degraded video clips at training stage. During inference stage, we introduce a proxy task named Diffusion Tubelet Self-Calibration to learn the primer distribution of test video stream and optimize the model by approximating the temporal noise model for online adaptation. Experimental results, on benchmark datasets, demonstrate that our Test-Time Adaptation method with Diffusion-based network(Diff-TTA) outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of restoring videos degraded by seen weather conditions. Its generalizable capability is also validated with unseen weather conditions in both synthesized and real-world videos

Meaningful Learning: Advancing Abstract Reasoning in Large Language Models via Generic Fact Guidance

Large language models (LLMs) have developed impressive performance and strong explainability across various reasoning scenarios, marking a significant stride towards mimicking human-like intelligence. Despite this, when tasked with simple questions supported by a generic fact, LLMs often fail to provide consistent and precise answers, indicating a deficiency in abstract reasoning abilities. This has sparked a vigorous debate about whether LLMs are genuinely reasoning or merely memorizing. In light of this, we design a preliminary study to quantify and delve into the abstract reasoning abilities of existing LLMs. Our findings reveal a substantial discrepancy between their general reasoning and abstract reasoning performances. To relieve this problem, we tailor an abstract reasoning dataset (AbsR) together with a meaningful learning paradigm to teach LLMs how to leverage generic facts for reasoning purposes. The results show that our approach not only boosts the general reasoning performance of LLMs but also makes considerable strides towards their capacity for abstract reasoning, moving beyond simple memorization or imitation to a more nuanced understanding and application of generic facts

A photo-responsive F-box protein FOF2 regulates floral initiation by promoting FLC expression in Arabidopsis.

Floral initiation is regulated by various genetic pathways in response to light, temperature, hormones and developmental status; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between different genetic pathways are not fully understood. Here, we show that the photoresponsive gene FOF2 (F-box of flowering 2) negatively regulates flowering. FOF2 encodes a putative F-box protein that interacts specifically with ASK14, and its overexpression results in later flowering under both long-day and short-day photoperiods. Conversely, transgenic plants expressing the F-box domain deletion mutant of FOF2 (FOF2ΔF), or double loss of function mutant of FOF2 and FOL1 (FOF2-LIKE 1) present early flowering phenotypes. The late flowering phenotype of the FOF2 overexpression lines is suppressed by the flc-3 loss-of-function mutation. Furthermore, FOF2 mRNA expression is regulated by autonomous pathway gene FCA, and the repressive effect of FOF2 in flowering can be overcome by vernalization. Interestingly, FOF2 expression is regulated by light. The protein level of FOF2 accumulates in response to light, whereas it is degraded under dark conditions via the 26S proteasome pathway. Our findings suggest a possible mechanistic link between light conditions and the autonomous floral promotion pathway in Arabidopsis

Origin of the high sensitivity of Chinese red clay soils to drought: significance of the clay characteristics

International audienceThe red clay soils which are widespread in China are known to be highly sensitive to drought during the dry season but the origin of this high sensitivity to drought remains unclear. Several red clay soils were selected in the Hunan province for study. We studied their basic physico-chemical properties and clay mineralogy, their structure and shrinkage properties, as well as their water retention properties. Results show that the amount of water available between -330 and -15 000 hPa water potential is consistent with that recorded in many other clay soils from different parts of the world and thus cannot explain the high sensitivity of the red clay soils to drought. This high sensitivity to drought might be related to the high proportion of poorly available water which was characterized by the amount of available water between -3300 and -15 000 hPa water potential. Comparison with clay soils located in different parts of the world and for which the sensitivity to drought was not identified, showed that this proportion of poorly available water is indeed much higher in the red clay soils studied than in clay soils representing a large range of both clay content and mineralogy. This specific behaviour of the red clay soils studied is thought to be related to the history of their parent materials: these materials are continental sediments which may have been submitted to great hydric stress, thus leading to strongly consolidated soils with consequences such as a high proportion of poorly available water, strong aggregation and weak shrinkage properties

Twofold Symmetry Observed in Bi2_{2}Te3_{3}/FeTe Interfacial Superconductor

Superconducting pairing symmetry are crucial in understanding the microscopic superconducting mechanism of a superconductor. Here we report the observation of a twofold superconducting gap symmetry in an interfacial superconductor Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$/FeTe, by employing quasiparticle interference (QPI) technique in scanning tunneling microscopy and macroscopic magnetoresistance measurements. The QPI patterns corresponding to energies inside and outside the gap reveal a clear anisotropic superconducting gap. Furthermore, both the in-plane angle-dependent magnetoresistance and in-plane upper critical field exhibit a clear twofold symmetry. This twofold symmetry align with the Te-Te direction in FeTe, which weakens the possible generation by bi-collinear antiferromagnetism order. Our finding provides key information in further understanding of the topological properties in Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$/FeTe superconducting system and propels further theoretical interests in the paring mechanism in the system

Soybean Breeding on Seed Composition Trait

Soybean is a most important crop providing edible oil and plant protein source for human beings, in addition to animal feed because of high protein and oil content. This review summarized the progresses in the QTL mapping, candidate gene cloning and functional analysis and also the regulation of soybean oil and seed storage protein accumulation. Furthermore, as soybean genome has been sequenced and released, prospects of multiple omics and advanced biotechnology should be combined and applied for further refine research and high-quality breeding