10.ペースメーカー移植術の経験(第609回千葉医学会例会・第1外科教室談話会)

Five supporting tables. A table caption of each is given within the file. (XLSX 84 kb

Práticas de literacia familiar em benguela (angola): Um estudo exploratório.

As investigações mostram que a aprendizagem da linguagem escrita começa muito antes do ensino formal e que as práticas e o ambiente de literacia familiar influenciam a literacia emergente e o desenvolvimento da linguagem escrita. Mas, se estes estudos são desenvolvidos no Ocidente, em África pouco se tem feito e em Angola não se conhece nenhum estudo. Com base nos estudos existentes, em diversos contextos culturais, verifica-se que a literacia familiar existe, podendo as práticas variar no tipo e frequência uma vez que o que se passa num contexto, pode não ser igual ao que se passa noutra realidade cultural diferente. Neste sentido este trabalho, procura caraterizar as práticas e o ambiente familiar de literacia em 11 famílias de Benguela com um filho a frequentar o início da escolaridade. Os dados foram recolhidos através de uma entrevista informal aos pais. Os resultados mostram que as práticas de literacia familiar são essencialmente práticas formais, muito ligadas à escola e às tarefas escolares. No mesmo sentido verificámos que a responsabilidade pela aprendizagem da linguagem escrita é atribuída à escola, e a explicadores. Apesar de surgirem algumas referências do uso da literacia associado a práticas religiosas, poucas referências foram feitas a práticas informais ou lúdicas. Foi clara a quase inexistência de materiais de leitura (jornais, livros, revistas) para além dos escolares. A falta de tempo, a escassez de bibliotecas públicas e livrarias, a falta dos recursos financeiras para aquisição do material de literacia e a iliteracia foram apontados como obstáculos para o desenvolvimento de outro tipo de práticasinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aldehydes and Ketones Formation: Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Decarboxylation of Phenylacetic Acids and α‑Hydroxyphenylacetic Acids

Aromatic aldehydes or ketones from copper catalyzed aerobic oxidative decarboxylation of phenylacetic acids and α-hydroxyphenylacetic acids have been synthesized. This reaction combined decarboxylation, dioxygen activation, and C–H bond oxidation steps in a one-pot protocol with molecular oxygen as the sole terminal oxidant. This reaction represents a novel decarboxylation of an <i>sp</i>³-hybridized carbon and the use of a benzylic carboxylic acid as a source of carbonyl compounds

Synthesis of Primary Amides via Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Decarboxylative Ammoxidation of Phenylacetic Acids and α‑Hydroxyphenylacetic Acids with Ammonia in Water

A Cu₂O-catalyzed aerobic oxidative decarboxylative ammoxidation to primary benzamides from phenylacetic acids and α-hydroxyphenylacetic acids is developed. A variety of primary benzamides could be prepared smoothly, in good to excellent yields, by means of a one-pot domino protocol combining decarboxylation, dioxygen activation, oxidative C–H bond functionalization, and amidation reactions

The Stress-Response Gene <em>redd1</em> Regulates Dorsoventral Patterning by Antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin Activity in Zebrafish

<div><p><em>REDD1/redd1</em> is a stress-response gene that is induced under various stressful conditions such as hypoxia, DNA damage, and energy stress. The increased REDD1 inhibits mTOR signaling and cell growth. Here we report an unexpected role of Redd1 in regulating dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish embryos and the underlying mechanisms. Zebrafish <em>redd1</em> mRNA is maternally deposited. Although it is ubiquitously detected in many adult tissues, its expression is highly tissue-specific and dynamic during early development. Hypoxia and heat shock strongly induce <em>redd1</em> expression in zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of Redd1 using two independent morpholinos results in dorsalized embryos and this effect can be rescued by injecting <em>redd1</em> mRNA. Forced expression of Redd1 ventralizes embryos. Co-expression of Redd1 with Wnt3a or a constitutively active form of β-catenin suggests that Redd1 alters dorsoventral patterning by antagonizing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings have unraveled a novel role of Redd1 in early development by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling.</p> </div

Zebrafish <i>redd1</i> is a stress-response gene.

<p>A) Effect of hypoxia. 6, 24, 36, and 48 hpf old embryos were subjected to 24 h hypoxia treatment (10% of ambient O₂ levels). Total RNA was isolated at the indicated developmental stages. The levels of <i>redd1</i> mRNA were measured by qRT-PCR and normalized by the <i>β-actin</i> mRNA levels. In this and all subsequent figures, the mRNA levels are expressed as a relative value of the control group. Values are means ± S.E. (n = 3). * <i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01, and *** <i>P</i><0.001. B) Effect of heat shock. Embryos were subjected to 1 h heat shock (37°C) treatment in every 12 h and sampled at 36 hpf and 60 hpf. The levels of <i>redd1</i> mRNA were measured as described above. C) Effect of food deprivation. Total RNA was isolated from juvenile fish with constant feeding (Feeding) or fasting (Fasting) at indicated time points. The levels of <i>redd1</i> mRNA were measured and presented as described above.</p

Nanocrystalline Cellulose Improves the Biocompatibility and Reduces the Wear Debris of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene <i>via</i> Weak Binding

The doping of biocompatible nanomaterials into ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to improve the biocompatibility and reduce the wear debris is of great significance to prolonging implantation time of UHMWPE as the bearing material for artificial joints. This study shows that UHMWPE can form a composite with nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, a hydrophilic nanosized material with a high aspect ratio) by ball-milling and hot-pressing. Compared to pure UHMWPE, the NCC/UHMWPE composite exhibits improved tribological characteristics with reduced generation of wear debris. The underlying mechanism is related to the weak binding between hydrophilic NCC and hydrophobic UHMWPE. The hydrophilic, rigid NCC particles tend to detach from the UHMWPE surface during friction, which could move with the rubbing surface, serve as a thin lubricant layer, and protect the UHMWPE substrate from abrasion. The biological safety of the NCC/UHMWPE composite, as tested by MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells and macrophage RAW264.7 cells, is high, with significantly lower inflammatory responses/cytotoxicity than pure UHMWPE. The NCC/UHMWPE composite therefore could be a promising alternative to the current UHMWPE for bearing applications

Zebrafish <i>redd1</i> encodes a conserved protein and is expressed in many tissues.

<p>A) Alignment of REDD1/Redd1 sequence from human, mouse, <i>Xenopus</i>, and zebrafish. Conserved residues are shaded. The RTP801_C domain is marked by a dotted line. Arrows mark the two Thr residues critical for human REDD1 phosphorylation and degradation. The conserved 14-3-3 binding site is indicated by a solid line. B) RT-PCR analysis of the indicated adult tissues. C) RT-PCR analysis of zebrafish embryos at the indicated stages. hpf, hours post fertilization. D) Whole mount <i>in situ</i> hybridization analysis of zebrafish embryos at the indicated stages. (a–c, d) Lateral views with the animal pole oriented at the top; (c′) Top view from the animal pole. (e, f, g, h–k) Lateral views with the anterior oriented toward the left. (e′, f′, g′) Ventral views with the anterior oriented toward the left. c, common cardinal vein; g, germ ring; ga, gill arches; n, neural ectoderm; p, prechordal plate/mesoderm; s, somite; t, tail bud. Scale bar = 200 µm.</p

Redd1 ventralizes embryos and inhibits Wnt signaling.

<p>A) Left panel: classification of phenotypes embryos caused by forced expression of Redd1. 1–2 cell stage embryos were injected with <i>redd1</i> mRNA. They were raised to 24 hpf and examined. The percentage of embryos in each category is shown in the right panel. B–D) Effects of Redd1 expression. Embryos described in A) were analyzed by whole mount <i>in situ</i> hybridization using the indicated probes. Representative images are shown in B). Panels a–b and e–h are animal pole views with dorsal to the right; panels c–d are dorsal views with animal pole up; panels g′–h′ are lateral views with dorsal to the right and animal pole up. Arrows indicate the edges of the <i>chd</i> and <i>eve1</i> mRNA expression domains. Asterisks indicate the edges of the <i>ved</i> mRNA expression domain. Scale bar = 200 µm. The percentage of embryos in each category is calculated and shown in C) (<i>chd</i> and <i>gsc</i>) and D) (<i>eve1</i> and <i>ved</i>). The results are from three independent experiments and the total embryo number is given at the top. E) Redd1 inhibits Wnt3a activity. One-cell stage embryos were injected with 20 pg <i>wnt3a</i> mRNA alone or co-injected with 10 pg (+), 50 pg (++), or 100 pg (+++) <i>redd1</i> mRNA. TCF/LEF-luciferase reporter DNA was injected in all groups. The embryos were raised to the shield stage and the luciferase activity was determined. Values are means ± S.E. (n = 3). *** <i>P</i><0.001. F) Redd1 inhibits endogenous Wnt signaling. Embryos were injected with TCF/LEF-luciferase reporter DNA without and with 10 pg (+) or 100 pg (++) <i>redd1</i> mRNA. The embryos were raised to the shield stage and the luciferase activity was measured. Values are means ± S.E. (n = 3). * <i>P</i><0.05 compared to the TCF/LEF control group.</p

Redd1 inhibits β-catenin action.

<p>A and B) Redd1 inhibits β-catenin action <i>in vivo</i>. Representative view of <i>gfp</i> mRNA-, <i>β-catenin ΔN</i> mRNA-, and <i>β-catenin ΔN</i> mRNA <i>+ redd1</i> mRNA-injected embryos at 5 somite stage is shown in A). Scale bar = 200 µm. Quantitative results are shown in B). The results are from three independent experiments and the total embryo number is given at the bottom. *** <i>P</i><0.001. C) Redd1 inhibits β-catenin activity <i>in vitro</i>. HEK293T cells were transfected with β-catenin ΔN plasmid DNA and increasing doses of Redd1 plasmid DNA, together with the same amount of TCF/LEF-luciferase reporter DNA. Cells transfected with TCF/LEF-luciferase reporter DNA alone were used as negative control (−).Values are means ± S.E., n = 3. ns, not significant, * and #, <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.001 compared to the β-catenin ΔN group. D) <i>Redd1</i> knockdown increases <i>boz</i> expression. Embryos were injected with control MO, <i>redd1</i> targeting MO1 or MO2 at one-cell stage. The embryos were raised to the dome stage. The <i>boz</i> mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. E) Forced expression of Redd1 decreases <i>boz</i> expression. Embryos were injected with <i>gfp</i> mRNA or <i>redd1</i> mRNA at one-cell stage and were analyzed at dome stage. The <i>boz</i> mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR.</p