For those states that expand it, Medicaid may be a gateway to enrollment in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for those in poor health

The federal government’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides more than 45 million Americans on low incomes with assistance to purchase food. Poor access to food – and low quality food – is often a key contributor to poor health outcomes, meaning that policymakers are keen to increase the number of SNAP enrollments by the chronically ill. In new research, Chad D. Meyerhoefer and Yuriy Pylypchuk look at the link between health, and whether or not those with low incomes enroll in SNAP and Medicaid. They find that individuals with diet-sensitive and other chronic conditions are more likely to enroll in SNAP if they are already enrolled in Medicaid. They argue that coordinating measures aimed at improving access to health care, such as the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act with programs like SNAP, would help low-income individuals better manage the burdens of chronic disease

Сучасний стан та напрямки розвитку асортименту послуг українських страховиків для роздрібного ринку

У статті розглянуто сучасний стан сектору страхування фізичних осіб в Україні. Ґрунтовно проаналізовано асортиментний ряд страхових послуг, що пропонується громадянам. Розроблено рекомендації щодо поліпшення та подальшого розвитку асортименту страхових послуг для фізичних осіб.In this article the current status of retail insurance sector in Ukraine is viewed. The deep analysis of insurance services assortment row for natural persons is conducted. Recommendations for improvement and further development of insurance services for the retail market are presented.В статье рассмотрено нынешнее положение сектора страхования физических лиц в Украине. Проанализирован ассортиментный ряд страховых услуг, которые предлагаются гражданам. Разработаны рекомендации по улучшению и дальнейшему развитию ассортимента страховых услуг для физических лиц

Review of the monograph: I. O. Demuz. Intellectual biography of Petro Yanuarovych Stebnytskyi (1862‒1923) – public figure, book publisher, publicist: monograph. Pereyaslav (Kyiv region): Dombrovska Ya. M., 2022. 356 pp. ISBN 978-617-7747-62-7

Review of the monograph: I. O. Demuz. Intellectual biography of Petro Yanuarovych Stebnytskyi (1862‒1923) – public figure, book publisher, publicist: monograph. Pereyaslav (Kyiv region): Dombrovska Ya. M., 2022. 356 pp. ISBN 978-617-7747-62-7Review of the monograph: I. O. Demuz. Intellectual biography of Petro Yanuarovych Stebnytskyi (1862‒1923) – public figure, book publisher, publicist: monograph. Pereyaslav (Kyiv region): Dombrovska Ya. M., 2022. 356 pp. ISBN 978-617-7747-62-

Основні принципи створення композицій із деревних покритонасінних

This paper gives five main principles of making ornamental groups from angiosperm trees and shrubs. Examples of their combination with the types of landscape architecture are described. Principles of woody angiosperm groups classification are generalized.Наведено п ять основних принципів створення декоративних груп із покритонасінних дерев та кущів. Подано приклади поєднання їх з типами садово-паркового ландшафту. Узагальнено принципи класифікації груп із покритонасінних

Whether the biosphere will turn into the noosphere? Review of the monograph: L. A. Griffen. The last stage of the biosphere evolution: monograph. Kyiv: Talkom, 2024. 200 p. ISBN 978-617-8352-32-5

The biosphere is usually thought of as the shell of our planet, formed by living matter, literally as a certain "sphere of life." However, for V. I. Vernadsky, who developed the doctrine of the biosphere, it was a geological phenomenon, the part of the earth's crust, that was suitable for the existence of life. He was talking about a certain structure originally formed not by living but by inert matter. Life appeared millions of years later, also thanks to the biosphere. The biosphere not only created the conditions for the existence of life, it gave rise to life itself. The latter arose due to the interaction of planetary and cosmic factors, in particular, the inert matter of the earth's crust and solar energy. And then life in the biosphere developed owing to all the same factors – the material of the inert matter of the biosphere and the energy of the sun's ray, also causing the evolution of the biosphere itself. Living organisms function as active agents that cause and determine the direction of the biosphere evolution. Using its inert matter for their own construction, they thereby change the character of the biosphere. The biomass of living organisms gradually increased due to the transition of atoms of inert matter into living matter. But the life of every living organism is limited in time, and after its end, the substance that made it up completely turned back into the biosphere for further use. This, in Vernadsky's words, "current of atoms" between living and inert matter under the influence of solar energy was the main reason for the evolution of the biosphere. But as a conclusion of his doctrine of the biosphere, Vernadsky suggested that with the appearance of mankind on the planet, a new factor in the evolution of the biosphere arises – mind ("scientific thought"), which accelerates and qualitatively changes the evolutionary processes in the biosphere, gradually turning it into the "sphere of mind" – the noosphere. This assumption of the scientist caused a significant resonance in the scientific and semi-scientific community. Especially recently, there have been a lot of materials devoted to this issue and at the same time to another such "sphere" – the technosphere. But despite the abundance of relevant publications, there are still no defined ideas about these phenomena. Different opinions are expressed, but attempts to generalize and analyze them with consideration of the issue on solid scientific grounds, are hardly ever made. One of such attempts is the peer-reviewed monograph in which the author sought to consider this issue in connection with the peculiarities of society as a kind of biological superorganism on the basis of its scientific and technological progress, which largely determines the interaction of living and inert matter in the biosphere today. Having considered the main provisions of V. I. Vernadsky's concept, as well as a number of current publications on the noosphere and technosphere, the author comes to the conclusion that many of those who seem to consider themselves followers of Vernadsky, have actually departed far from his views. The main content of publications about the noosphere is actually reduced to considering it not as a material phenomenon, but as a kind of "emanation of the mind" that creates this very noosphere. This causes a certain euphoria in these authors in anticipation of the beneficial moral and ethical consequences of its functioning. As for the technosphere, even its composition is not really defined, but despite the recognition of its usefulness, many of the publications are downright imbued with technophobia. As a result, the author considered it necessary to study the current evolution of the biosphere on the basis of its history and to see how society as an active biological organism differs from the previous ones, and what impact these differences have on modern processes in the biosphere. In this regard, he consistently considers the emergence and development of living organisms in the biosphere, their evolution, as a result of which the processes of interaction between living and inert matter change. With the enormous variety of their forms arising as a result of the development of living matter, the main direction of evolution associated with the complication of the structures of living organisms can be clearly traced in this development. From the very beginning, they were separate autotrophic and heterotrophic types of cells. Their interaction with each other led to the formation of colonies of such cells, and then to the formation of an integral multicellular organism with the division of functions first between its constituent cells, and then between the organs. This division was caused by the need to improve the adaptation of a living organism to the environment in which it exists. Its main task is to resist entropy more and more successfully, as all material objects – with the destruction of their structures and the degradation of energy – are susceptible to the growth of entropy in our world. The development of living organisms, on the contrary, presupposes a decrease in their entropy, which can be achieved only by removing its material carrier into the environment and consuming objects with negative entropy from it. According to E. Schrödinger, a living organism remains alive only as long as it receives negative entropy from the environment. And this means the need for a constant material exchange of a living organism with the environment. The very need determines the main direction of the evolution of living organisms. For this purpose, they become more complex, including the formation of their own specialized subsystems designed for the more and more successful implementation of this function. And this presupposes the development of a living organism's ability to successfully perform the necessary actions, on the one hand, and to determine the nature of these actions depending on specific conditions, on the other. In other words, the formation and development of two functional subsystems of the body, one of which is intended for material (material and energy), and the second – for informational interaction with the environment. In a single-celled organism these systems are only outlined in the form of its internal structural components. And in a multicellular organism they already represent groups of specialized cells and then special organs. In fact, for the sake of their development and improvement, the evolution of living organisms takes place. The author of the monograph examines in detail the nature of the ongoing evolutionary changes from this point of view. And first of all, he emphasizes the above-mentioned "general line" on the complication of the structure of organisms. In this direction, after multicellular organisms consisting of an organic group of various cells, the next stage in the evolutionary development of living things was the appearance of a kind of "collective" organism consisting of previously independent separate individuals – a superorganism. Now the idea of "collective" associations of eusocial insects as unified, integral organisms is almost universally accepted. Their appearance basically was revolutionary in nature – precisely as the next stage in the development of living organisms. The division of functions was realized on the level of separate individuals. However, these organisms were not able to change their relationship with the biosphere in the same revolutionary way, particularly because of their size that did not contribute to the development of a powerful informational system. This happened much later on another evolutionary branch, in which the size of multicellular organisms provided the possibility of their development due to the growth of the brain size, which not only ensured the enlargement of hereditary programs of behavior, but also their formation in ontogenesis on the basis of experience. So, the relationship between living organisms and the inert matter of the biosphere has also changed. Many species of animals in interaction with inert matter not only introduced it into their composition as usual (some – autotrophs – directly, others – heterotrophs – indirectly) but also used external material objects (objects of "pre-technology" – from a spider web to a beaver dam) in interaction with the environment. This is potentially a very significant point, although it did not play a particularly important role until the appearance of a new kind of superorganism - human society. Society, like any other biological organism, also forms two functional subsystems – one for informational and the other for material interaction with the environment. But, unlike the superorganisms of eusocial insects (ants, bees, termites, etc.), these are systems, not just an external association of their constituent functioning individuals. First of all, this concerns the information subsystem which, in addition to providing appropriate connections with the environment, also plays the role of a protective, and most importantly, unifying shell for the entire superorganism which is formed and functions due to the interaction of the cerebral structures of the individuals that make up the social organism. In the opinion of the author, the role of connecting elements between informational processes in the brain of each member of society is performed by special material formations – signs, that form sign systems. They provide the transcoding of individual information which is processed by the brain of each individual in internal natural individual codes by means of "external" common codes jointly formed in each individual by society as a whole. The result of the social functioning of such an information system, which significantly exceeds the information of each individual brain in its power, is the appearance of a completely new phenomenon – social consciousness. Exactly this makes society an integral biological organism in which the individual consciousness of each member is a reflection of the social consciousness. Thanks to social consciousness, the nature of the interaction of the entire social organism also changes with its environment. Regarding the reduction of entropy, this interaction is carried out in the form of a special process – the production process. This process begins with social consciousness which forms tasks for individuals on this interaction. It includes the analysis of the environment, the needs of individuals and society as a whole, the possibilities and means for obtaining consumer goods, necessary for the satisfaction of individuals from the environment through their labor, the choice of the object of labor as well as the imperative impulse for individuals to participate in the labor process. This process, just like the formation of social consciousness, is embodied by the same individuals, but in a different capacity. Under the influence of individual consciousness, which has accepted the attitude of social consciousness, individuals perform actions aimed at its realization, that is, the transformation of an object of labor taken from nature into an object of consumption necessary for society with the help of means of production. The latter, being a carrier of negative entropy, enters society to reduce its entropy. As a result, the entropy of society decreases, and the entropy of the consumer increases. Therefore, at a certain point, it ceases to perform its function, and it is removed back into the environment as the waste, increasing meanwhile its entropy. Any other organism carries out a fundamentally similar process. But in relation to society, the author pays special attention to the fact that, in contrast to the metabolism of multicellular animals, additional material objects obtained through the transformation of environmental objects also take part in social "metabolism" – tools of labor and consumer goods (technical devices). Entropy is transferred from the social organism as a whole into the environment by their means. For this purpose, they are functionally and physically included in the composition of the social organism. Namely they, together with individuals in their "creative" function, form the second functional subsystem of society (its "technosphere"). This moment – the introduction of environmental objects into the composition of a biological organism – is of fundamental importance. Prior to this, in order to provide its existence in interaction with the environment, a living organism could use only the possibilities directly inherent in its constituent organic matter. The appearance in its composition of transformed objects of nature, first of all its inert matter, creates conditions for the use of the forces of nature itself that are also "external" to its living matter, opening up new, extremely wide opportunities for the biological organism. These possibilities are now limited only by the resources of nature itself, which fundamentally changes the nature of its interaction with it. The latter circumstance also turned out to be very significant, but its effect became known much later. Accordingly, the first informational subsystem of society, based on social consciousness, is a certain "sphere of mind" of the social organism, i.e. its "noosphere". It includes all the same individuals, but in their intellectual function. Specifically, its material structure consists of the cerebral structures of individuals, which are active agents of the noosphere, since those processes that are commonly called ideal are carried out exactly in them; material sign systems that provide the transcoding of information from the individual into the social (and vice versa), and consequently, the interconnection between the cerebral structures of individuals through their sense organs and effectors, thus creating the integrity and unity of the entire given information system; specialized technical devices contributing to the receiving, processing, keeping and transmission of information; and in a certain sense, all the objects of material culture created by society without exception are in their aspect that represents the objectified in them information, distributed by the cerebral structures of individuals as required. The author draws special attention to the fact that in this case, in addition to their biological elements, environmental objects are also organically introduced into the composition of the organism, removed from the environment and turned into elements of the organism itself. After returning to an environment with increased entropy, they appear to be with high energy expenditures and do not completely respond to regeneration, which leads to a steady reduction in the resources of nature, and consequently in the environment of society existence as a biological organism. At the first stages of the development of society, these losses in the environment were not particularly noticeable, although even then the economic activity of society caused significant damage to the environment. But with its development, losses increased quite rapidly, especially with the evolutionary development of the social organism. Biological evolution did not stop with its emergence. But its object now became not a single multicellular individual, but the entire social organism that took evolutionary changes upon itself. Initially it existed in the form of a primitive tribe with a common noosphere and technosphere, the structure of which was mentioned above. We will only add that the very nature of the interaction of society with the environment as a whole required the appropriate structuring of the noosphere and technosphere so that they would provide the integral nature of society. Therefore, the task of its functional subsystems included two points: providing direct interaction with the environment and ensuring the integrity of society. Accordingly, both the noosphere and the technosphere were structurally and functionally divided into extroverted and introverted components. And as a result of their development (thanks to scientific and technological progress), the growth and division of a primitive tribe are starting, followed by interaction between newly formed social organisms with the formation of new associations, just as before the division with the subsequent unification of unicellular organisms led to the emergence of multicellular organisms. We will not dwell on this here, although the author examines this process and its mechanisms in sufficient detail, showing how the structure and functions of operating subsystems developed in this process. We will only note that as a result of these interconnections, the original integrity of social organisms is lost, they turn into some only partially independent quasi-organisms (such as a state or civilization) with interacting and counteracting private noospheres and technospheres. And this, with regard to the additional expenditure, caused the increasing of environmental resources use, reducing itself due to the withdrawal of resources in order to include them in this aggregate "social organism" (with subsequent transformation into waste). But simultaneously with the disjunctive processes, there are also unifying processes. Despite the significant differences in the noospheres of different social formations, the processes of borrowing and unification are taking place between them. Moreover, there has been for four centuries in the world a forced globalization of one of the civilizations – the western one, which imposes its noosphere on all mankind as the dominant one. However, now social processes in the world are proceeding in such a way that the possibilities of this are gradually decreasing, but there is a possibility of voluntary joint formation of a common noosphere – the "sphere of mind" not of planet Earth, but of united humanity. And consequently, the formation of an integral, but now single social organism again over time. And this gives hope for future changes in the state of the biosphere, which today is very alarming and continues to deteriorate. The depletion of our planet's resources is a growing public concern. There are more and more ideas aimed at possible changes in the situation. Existing ideas include proposals for the organization of sustainable development, limiting consumption, humanization of thinking with increased ethical aspects, the joint "co-evolution" of society and nature, and many others. The author of the monograph considers the proposed solutions to be purely palliative. They may be useful, but they can only postpone the danger, not eliminate it. After all, they can neither stop the scientific and technological progress of mankind, which is directly related to the expansion of consumption of Earth's biosphere the resources, nor increase their quantity. The only effective solution is movement into space with its unlimited resources. Despite all the seeming fantastic nature of such a decision, humanity is quite capable of it. The first step in space exploration has already been taken, although it is still immeasurably far from a real exit even to near space with the transfer to it of the productive activities of mankind with its ever-expanding consumption of resources and the removal of waste. Technically, this can be done on the basis of further scientific and technological progress. But from the societal point of view, only united humanity can solve such a problem. For these reasons, V. I. Vernadsky, touching upon this issue, asserted that "the creation of the noosphere from the biosphere" "requires the manifestation of mankind as a single whole. This is its inevitable prerequisite". The solution of this grandiose task presupposes that the entire human civilization will turn within the boundaries of the Earth into a truly integral social superorganism, which alone can be able to accomplish such a gigantic achievement. The author of the monograph believes that today's social processes in the world lead in this direction and analyzes them in great detail. However, we will not stop to discuss these matters further here, since they would require a very extensive exposition. By the time when a real prospect of going into space is achieved, as a result of scientific and technological progress, and in particular the development of artificial intelligence, all production functions will be transferred to the corresponding technical systems, completely excluding direct human intervention in them, leaving him only the processes that can never and under no circumstances be transferred to technical devices (as "inanimate" ones that do not have their own will to life) – goal-setting and innovation. Now it is difficult to predict with sufficient certainty what the productive labor of a person will look like exactly. The author believes that people's lives will be based on scientific and creative activities as their natural forms. In itself, this activity will become not so much productive labor as a way of life, the main way of satisfying social needs. Thanks to the universal informational interconnections, which, together with people and their individual consciousnesses and the universal technical systems of storage and processing of information, will make up the noosphere of society, in which every person will be able to receive any desired information from it and contribute the information developed by him into the general system, preserving personal authorship. And, as a result of the constant processing of all the information received both from individuals and from outside by the public consciousness, a "public production order" will be formed for production from the noosphere. Bypassing the human, it will

Татары в Великом Княжестве Литовском в XIV–XVI вв.

This article is dedicated to the history of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an important role in border guarding. They carried out border, ambassadorial and castle service. Interpreters of Tatars and Tatar beks were sent on important missions to estab- lish diplomatic relations with strong Turkic states. Apostates (apostates from Is- lam) Glinskie played an important role in protecting the Ukrainian border from Crimean raids. Representatives of this family went on diplomatic missions to the Big Horde. The rulers of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate did not con- sider it shameful to write to the apostate and the provincial prince. The Tatar origin of the clan, on the contrary, was a plus in the eyes of the Jochids and the Glinskie were generally perceived as their own people. The adoption of Christian- ity opened up broad career prospects. Tatars managed to preserve their identity in places of compact settlement of Tatars in Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in Volyn. However, many Tatars who received land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania quickly lost their ethnic and religious identity.Данная статья посвящена истории татар в Великом княжестве Литовском (далее – ВКЛ). Татары в ВКЛ играли важную роль в охране гра- ницы. Они несли пограничную, посольскую и замковую службу. Толмачей из татар и беков татар отправляли в ответственные миссии для установле- ния дипломатических отношений с сильными тюркскими государствами. Муртады (отступники от ислама) Глинские играли важную роль в защите украинской границы от набегов крымцев. Представители этого рода от- правлялись в дипломатические миссии в Большую Орду. Правители Боль- шой Орды и Крымского ханства не считали чем-то постыдным писать муртаду и провинциальному князю. Татарское происхождение рода, нао- борот, было плюсом в глазах Джучидов, которые Глинских в целом воспри- нимали как своих людей. Принятие же христианства открывало широкие карьерные перспективы. Татарам удавалось сохранять свою идентичность в местах компактного расселения в Беларуси и Литве, а также на Волыни. Однако многие татары, получавшие земли в ВКЛ, довольно быстро утра- чивали этническую и религиозную идентичность

ІНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ДЛЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЗА АКАДЕМІЧНИМ СПРЯМУВАННЯМ: РЕЦЕПЦІЯ СТУДЕНТІВ БІОЛОГІЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has accelerated the process of digitalization in higher education setting and the field of learning English for academic purposes is no exception. An adequate selection of available online resources of high didactic and pedagogical value that could facilitate EAP learning is an urgent issue. The aim of the article is to investigate biology students’ evaluation of 6 internet resources (FutureLearn, Khan Academy, tutorial channels on Youtube (namely, CrashCourse and RicochetScience), Quizlet, Kahoot, Crossword Labs) that were used during the academic year 2020-2021 as supplementary tools for achieving learning objectives in the framework of disciplinary course ‘English for Biologists (freshmen).’ In order to achieve the purpose of the research quantitative and qualitative surveys were conducted among first-year biology students. Collected data revealed their preferences regarding 3 sections in the evaluation of internet resources: design (user-friendly browsing, absence of technical errors), information reliability and accuracy, promotion of learners’ interaction and engagement. Also, the data showed students’ self-assessment of linguistic skills they improved by utilizing these resources. The study of students’ perceptions of internet resources helps to define useful internet tools to make distant learning of Academic English for Biology more meaningful and effective.В умовах пандемії, спричиненої поширенням вірусу COVID-19, виникла гостра потреба перелаштувати навчальний процес у ВНЗ з традиційного очного або змішаного формату в дистанційний. Викладачі англійської мови для немовних спеціальностей зіткнулися з проблемою пошуку доступних навчальних інтернет ресурсів, які б могли сприяти вивченню англійської онлайн. У статті проаналізовано відозви студентів-біологів першого курсу про 6 навчальний сайтів, які використовувалися як додаткові навчальні ресурси для вивчення академічної англійської для біологів упродовж 2021-2022 н. р. У результаті дослідження було з’ясовано, які мовні навички, на думку студентів, покращились у результаті використання інтернет ресурсів та які з цих віртуальних продуктів студенти вважають найкращими за трьома параметрами: технічними (зрозумілість інтерфейсу, зручність навігації по сайту), змістовими (інформаційна надійність і точність навчального контенту) та дидактичними (різноманіття вправ для практичного засвоєння матеріалу)

PREFACE

In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you nine scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation and development of natural history museology in Europe in the 15th–19th centuries. The development of scientific knowledge at that time affects the idea of the world order and the place of man in it, and the combination of knowledge with practical experience leads to the birth of true science. It is shown that one of the most important components of the development of natural sciences, in particular biological sciences, was the collection of naturalia (i.e. objects of natural origin), the rapid surge of interest in which contributed to the Great Geographical Discoveries. In chronological order, the further historical development of museum work from private collections in Italy to the formation of a prototype of a genuine museum, which performs the main museum functions such as amassment, storage and demonstration of collections, is considered. The article by Leonid Griffen and co-authors considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline the history of science and technology. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon the social division of labor. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space. The article by Jun-Young Oh and Hyesook Han is devoted to the study of what Understanding mathematical abstraction in the formularization of Galileo's law. Galileo's revolution in science introduced an analytical method to science that typifies the overall modern thinking of extracting, abstracting, and grasping only critical aspects of the target phenomena and focusing on “how”, which is a quantitative relationship between variables, instead of “why”. For example, to him, the question of 'why does an object fall' is of no significance; instead, only the quantitative relationship between distance from the falling object and time is important. Yet, the most fundamental aspect of his idea is that he introduced a quantified time t. Because, according to atomic theory, vacuum exists between an atom and an object composed of atoms or between objects – ignoring factors that interfere with motion, such as friction – the space for absolute time, which is a mathematical time, can be geometrically defined. In order to justify this mathematical abstraction strategy, thought experiments were conducted rather than laboratory experiments, which at that time were difficult to perform. The article by Vasyl Andriiashko and co-authors provides a thorough overview of the evolutionary process of the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv school of artistic textiles. It reveals the influence of various factors (ideological, political, economic, and aesthetic) on this process. The historical and factual method allowed us to study socio-economic, as well as historical and cultural factors that contributed to the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv textile school in a chronological sequence. It is established that the very fact of emergence of the Kyiv school of artistic textile, as a community of style, unity of forms, preservation, and continuity of traditions, had unbiased backgrounds since Ukrainian decorative weaving, a part of which is Kyiv weaving, inherited the abundant artistic traditions that were created over the centuries and most vividly manifested through the art of Kyivan Rus. In the next article, the authors Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi is devoted to the study history of military laser technology development in military applications. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems.  The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. The author of the following article considered the front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century. The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry. The next article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. The purpose of the article by authors Sana Simou, Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah is to reveal, recreate  as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it.  The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers. The issue of the journal ends with an article devoted to the analyzing the prerequisites and conditions for the foundation of an aircraft engine enterprise in Ukraine. Based on the retrospective analysis, the prerequisites and conditions of the foundation of the aircraft engine enterprise in Aleksandrovsk, Ukraine, were considered. There was a severe gap between the Russian Empire and European countries in the development pace of the aviation industry during World War I. This prompted the Russian Empire to raise foreign capital, as well as attract technologies and specialists to develop aircraft engineering and other industries. By 1917, the plant had gained the status of Russia’s largest engine-building enterprise in terms of building area and one of the best in equipment. It is evident that the beginning of aircraft engine production in Aleksandrovsk relates to the establishment of a branch of Petrograd Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical Structures and the plant’s purchase from the Moznaim brothers. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you nine scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation and development of natural history museology in Europe in the 15th–19th centuries. The development of scientific knowledge at that time affects the idea of the world order and the place of man in it, and the combination of knowledge with practical experience leads to the birth of true science. It is shown that one of the most important components of the development of natural sciences, in particular biological sciences, was the collection of naturalia (i.e. objects of natural origin), the rapid surge of interest in which contributed to the Great Geographical Discoveries. In chronological order, the further historical development of museum work from private collections in Italy to the formation of a prototype of a genuine museum, which performs the main museum functions such as amassment, storage and demonstration of collections, is considered. The article by Leonid Griffen and co-authors considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline the history of science and technology. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon the social division of labor. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space. The article by Jun-Young Oh and Hyesook Han is devoted to the study of what Understanding mathematical abstraction in the formularization of Galileo's law. Galileo's revolution in science introduced an analytical method to science that typifies the overall modern thinking of extracting, abstracting, and grasping only critical aspects of the target phenomena and focusing on “how”, which is a quantitative relationship between variables, instead of “why”. For example, to him, the question of 'why does an object fall' is of no significance; instead, only the quantitative relationship between distance from the falling object and time is important. Yet, the most fundamental aspect of his idea is that he introduced a quantified time t. Because, according to atomic theory, vacuum exists between an atom and an object composed of atoms or between objects – ignoring factors that interfere with motion, such as friction – the space for absolute time, which is a mathematical time, can be geometrically defined. In order to justify this mathematical abstraction strategy, thought experiments were conducted rather than laboratory experiments, which at that time were difficult to perform. The article by Vasyl Andriiashko and co-authors provides a thorough overview of the evolutionary process of the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv school of artistic textiles. It reveals the influence of various factors (ideological, political, economic, and aesthetic) on this process. The historical and factual method allowed us to study socio-economic, as well as historical and cultural factors that contributed to the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv textile school in a chronological sequence. It is established that the very fact of emergence of the Kyiv school of artistic textile, as a community of style, unity of forms, preservation, and continuity of traditions, had unbiased backgrounds since Ukrainian decorative weaving, a part of which is Kyiv weaving, inherited the abundant artistic traditions that were created over the centuries and most vividly manifested through the art of Kyivan Rus. In the next article, the authors Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi is devoted to the study history of military laser technology development in military applications. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems.  The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. The author of the following article considered the front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century. The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry. The next article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. The purpose of the article by authors Sana Simou, Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah is to reveal, recreate  as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it.  The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers. The issue of the journal ends with an article devoted to the analyzing the prerequisites and conditions for the foundation of an aircraft engine enterprise in Ukraine. Based on the retrospective analysis, the prerequisites and conditions of the foundation of the aircraft engine enterprise in Aleksandrovsk, Ukraine, were considered. There was a severe gap between the Russian Empire and European countries in the development pace of the aviation industry during World War I. This prompted the Russian Empire to raise foreign capital, as well as attract technologies and specialists to develop aircraft engineering and other industries. By 1917, the plant had gained the status of Russia’s largest engine-building enterprise in terms of building area and one of the best in equipment. It is evident that the beginning of aircraft engine production in Aleksandrovsk relates to the establishment of a branch of Petrograd Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical Structures and the plant’s purchase from the Moznaim brothers. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions

PREFACE

The issue of the journal begins with an article on French sinology. French sinology takes a special place in the history of the sinological studies development. It was France that became the first country where the transformation of missionary sinology, which was common among a limited circle of researchers (mainly in a religious sphere), into the academic scientific discipline, which had already been taught and studied at a professional level in academic institutions, occurred. The Parisian type of sinology used to dominate the entire world for a long time, including such powerful centers of Chinese studies as Germany, Great Britain, the USA, and China itself. In order to form a complete picture of sinology development in France, the authors singled out and analyzed three historical periods covering the entire history of Chinese studies development, starting from its birth and flourishment to the process of stagnation. Modern scientific communication traditionally uses visual narratives, such as comics, for education, presentation of scientific achievements to a mass audience, and as an object of research. In the article by Oksana Hudoshnyk and Oleksandr P. Krupskyi, offers a three-level characterization of the interaction of comic culture and science in a diachronic aspect. Attention is focused not only on the chronological stages of these intersections, the expression of the specifics of the interaction is offered against the background of scientific and public discussions that accompany the comics–science dialogue to this day. Emphasis is placed on the unique phenomenon of the simultaneous concordance of various stages of the dialogue between comics and science, on the prolonged replication of successful inventions into modern experience, and the active testing of known narratives at new levels of a scientific presentation. The next paper assesses the topicality of Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere, coined over almost twenty years starting in the early 20th century. Emphasizing the uniqueness of Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere as the transformation of the biosphere by a man using reason, we concentrate on the assessment of the utopian or realistic nature of his vision of the future of humanity. Based on the philosophical case-studies analysis, it identifies the ideological roots of the noosphere concept, the development of views on the concept in time, the role of reason and scientific thinking, the opinions of its supporters and critics, and Moiseev's related concept of co-evolution. Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva or Of Spring: Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies (1678) is an important book for the history of science. This book is better known for Hooke’s presentation of the law that bears his name. In the article by Isadora Monteiro, seeks to study the Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva once again to better understand Hooke’s thoughts about the rule which bears his name and his conception of gravity, which the author considered a force. Here Hooke’s definitions of body and motion will be presented, as well as his actual objective when he formulated the so-called Hooke’s Law. As we will see, Hooke intended to create a “philosophical scale” to measure the gravitational attraction between bodies. By considering his previous publications, such as An attempt to prove the motion of the Earth from Observations or Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, or even unpublished works such as On the inflection of a direct motion into a curve by supervening Attractive principle, it becomes clear that Hooke was already opening a path toward an understanding of gravity before Newton’s Principia (1687) were published. By taking into account the controversy between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke, we also intend to strengthen the idea that Hooke was an indispensable contributor to the elaboration of a law of universal gravitation. In 1915, the first occupational therapy school was founded by Jane Addams at Hull House (Chicago, USA). In that process, Addams inspired the first generation of occupational therapists, especially Eleanor Clarke Slagle. Thus, in the article by Rodolfo Morrisonseeks to highlight the contribution of Jane Addams to the development of Occupational Therapy through an in-depth bibliographic review, from primary sources. The next article presents the results of a study of the features of biographical and prosopographic materials about famous mathematicians and natural scientists, published in one of the most authoritative journals “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics”, which was published in Kyiv and Odesa during 1886–1917. In fact, the journal was an unofficial periodical printed branch of the Mathematical Department of the Novorossiysk Society of Naturalists. The aim of the next research is to study the policy efforts conducted by the Indonesian government since the beginning of independence in 1945 to present, in advancing science and technology and innovation. A content analysis approach is employed to identify each stipulated regulation in Indonesia in the form of Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, Presidential Decrees, and Presidential Instructions. There are 78 regulations in the field of science and technology and innovation that are analyzed. The results of the analysis are described based on the emergence of regulations and institutional implications generated as part of the ecosystem. In the article by Ihor Annienkov, based on the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historiographical, and source-research methods, as well as the method of actualization, identifies the extent of borrowing foreign design and technological solutions in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic for projecting electrical machines in the second half of the 1930s, as well as the reasons for the absence of unambiguous information in historiography regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the republic at this chronological stage. The publication provides a general assessment of the quality of scientific support for the processes of creating electrical machines, establishes the ways of fulfilling the scientific-technical borrowings that were studiedand the dynamics of their development, analyzes their role in the growth of the technical level of products of the Ukrainian electrical machine-building branch. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Andrii Fomin, attempts to investigate the historical circumstances of the mastering and development of the industrial production of rolling stock in Ukraine from 1991 to 2021. In the course of the scientific development of the proposed research, materials from mass-circulation newspapers, industry publications of railway transport, as well as technical studies of employees of manufacturing plants were used. The next discusses the conditions and prerequisites for choosing the location of the plant; considers the stage of the establishment (foundation) of the plant; examines the stage of plant construction and equipping it with technological facilities in detail; analyzes the development and establishment of the plant between 1897 and 1914. A brief analysis of locomotive designs produced by the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant from 1897 to 1914 has been made. The article shows the significance of Consultative Congresses of Traction Engineers for the development of railway machinery both at Kharkiv Locomotive Plant and for the entire railway industry. The purpose of next study is to highlight the peculiarities of the development of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War. The focus is on analyzing production programs and matching their quantitative and qualitative parameters to war requirements. Production plans of leading Russian aviation factories as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of products have been analyzed in the article.The issue of the journal begins with an article on French sinology. French sinology takes a special place in the history of the sinological studies development. It was France that became the first country where the transformation of missionary sinology, which was common among a limited circle of researchers (mainly in a religious sphere), into the academic scientific discipline, which had already been taught and studied at a professional level in academic institutions, occurred. The Parisian type of sinology used to dominate the entire world for a long time, including such powerful centers of Chinese studies as Germany, Great Britain, the USA, and China itself. In order to form a complete picture of sinology development in France, the authors singled out and analyzed three historical periods covering the entire history of Chinese studies development, starting from its birth and flourishment to the process of stagnation. Modern scientific communication traditionally uses visual narratives, such as comics, for education, presentation of scientific achievements to a mass audience, and as an object of research. In the article by Oksana Hudoshnyk and Oleksandr P. Krupskyi, offers a three-level characterization of the interaction of comic culture and science in a diachronic aspect. Attention is focused not only on the chronological stages of these intersections, the expression of the specifics of the interaction is offered against the background of scientific and public discussions that accompany the comics–science dialogue to this day. Emphasis is placed on the unique phenomenon of the simultaneous concordance of various stages of the dialogue between comics and science, on the prolonged replication of successful inventions into modern experience, and the active testing of known narratives at new levels of a scientific presentation. The next paper assesses the topicality of Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere, coined over almost twenty years starting in the early 20th century. Emphasizing the uniqueness of Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere as the transformation of the biosphere by a man using reason, we concentrate on the assessment of the utopian or realistic nature of his vision of the future of humanity. Based on the philosophical case-studies analysis, it identifies the ideological roots of the noosphere concept, the development of views on the concept in time, the role of reason and scientific thinking, the opinions of its supporters and critics, and Moiseev's related concept of co-evolution. Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva or Of Spring: Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies (1678) is an important book for the history of science. This book is better known for Hooke’s presentation of the law that bears his name. In the article by Isadora Monteiro, seeks to study the Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva once again to better understand Hooke’s thoughts about the rule which bears his name and his conception of gravity, which the author considered a force. Here Hooke’s definitions of body and motion will be presented, as well as his actual objective when he formulated the so-called Hooke’s Law. As we will see, Hooke intended to create a “philosophical scale” to measure the gravitational attraction between bodies. By considering his previous publications, such as An attempt to prove the motion of the Earth from Observations or Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, or even unpublished works such as On the inflection of a direct motion into a curve by supervening Attractive principle, it becomes clear that Hooke was already opening a path toward an understanding of gravity before Newton’s Principia (1687) were published. By taking into account the controversy between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke, we also intend to strengthen the idea that Hooke was an indispensable contributor to the elaboration of a law of universal gravitation. In 1915, the first occupational therapy school was founded by Jane Addams at Hull House (Chicago, USA). In that process, Addams inspired the first generation of occupational therapists, especially Eleanor Clarke Slagle. Thus, in the article by Rodolfo Morrisonseeks to highlight the contribution of Jane Addams to the development of Occupational Therapy through an in-depth bibliographic review, from primary sources. The next article presents the results of a study of the features of biographical and prosopographic materials about famous mathematicians and natural scientists, published in one of the most authoritative journals “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics”, which was published in Kyiv and Odesa during 1886–1917. In fact, the journal was an unofficial periodical printed branch of the Mathematical Department of the Novorossiysk Society of Naturalists. The aim of the next research is to study the policy efforts conducted by the Indonesian government since the beginning of independence in 1945 to present, in advancing science and technology and innovation. A content analysis approach is employed to identify each stipulated regulation in Indonesia in the form of Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, Presidential Decrees, and Presidential Instructions. There are 78 regulations in the field of science and technology and innovation that are analyzed. The results of the analysis are described based on the emergence of regulations and institutional implications generated as part of the ecosystem. In the article by Ihor Annienkov, based on the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historiographical, and source-research methods, as well as the method of actualization, identifies the extent of borrowing foreign design and technological solutions in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic for projecting electrical machines in the second half of the 1930s, as well as the reasons for the absence of unambiguous information in historiography regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the republic at this chronological stage. The publication provides a general assessment of the quality of scientific support for the processes of creating electrical machines, establishes the ways of fulfilling the scientific-technical borrowings that were studiedand the dynamics of their development, analyzes their role in the growth of the technical level of products of the Ukrainian electrical machine-building branch. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Andrii Fomin, attempts to investigate the historical circumstances of the mastering and development of the industrial production of rolling stock in Ukraine from 1991 to 2021. In the course of the scientific development of the proposed research, materials from mass-circulation newspapers, industry publications of railway transport, as well as technical studies of employees of manufacturing plants were used. The next discusses the conditions and prerequisites for choosing the location of the plant; considers the stage of the establishment (foundation) of the plant; examines the stage of plant construction and equipping it with technological facilities in detail; analyzes the development and establishment of the plant between 1897 and 1914. A brief analysis of locomotive designs produced by the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant from 1897 to 1914 has been made. The article shows the significance of Consultative Congresses of Traction Engineers for the development of railway machinery both at Kharkiv Locomotive Plant and for the entire railway industry. The purpose of next study is to highlight the peculiarities of the development of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War. The focus is on analyzing production programs and matching their quantitative and qualitative parameters to war requirements. Production plans of leading Russian aviation factories as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of products have been analyzed in the article